As filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on May 27, 2021

Registration No. 333-252106

 

 

 

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

 

 

Post Effective Amendment No. 1

FORM S-1

REGISTRATION STATEMENT

UNDER

THE SECURITIES ACT OF 1933

ARKO Corp.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

 

 

 

Delaware		5412		85-2784337
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)		(Primary Standard Industrial Classification Code Number)		(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

8565 Magellan Parkway

Suite 400

Richmond, Virginia 23227-1150

(Address, including zip code, and telephone number, including area code, of registrant’s principal executive offices)

 

 

Arie Kotler

8565 Magellan Parkway

Suite 400

Richmond, Virginia 23227-1150

(804) 730-1568

(Name, address, including zip code, and telephone number, including area code, of agent for service)

 

 

Copies to:

Drew M. Altman, Esq.

Aryana M. Gharagozloo, Esq.

Win Rutherfurd, Esq.

Greenberg Traurig, P.A.

333 S.E. 2nd Avenue, Suite 4400

Miami, Florida 33131

(305) 579-0500

 

 

Approximate date of commencement of proposed sale to the public: From time to time after this Registration Statement becomes effective.

If any of the securities being registered on this Form are to be offered on a delayed or continuous basis pursuant to Rule 415 under the Securities Act of 1933 check the following box:  ☐

If this form is filed to register additional securities for an offering pursuant to Rule 462(b) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering.  ☐

If this form is a post-effective amendment filed pursuant to Rule 462(c) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering.  ☐

If this form is a post-effective amendment filed pursuant to Rule 462(d) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering.  ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

 

Large accelerated filer		☐		Accelerated filer		☐
Non-accelerated filer		☒		Smaller reporting company		☐
				Emerging growth company		☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 7(a)(2)(B) of the Securities Act.  ☐

The registrant hereby amends this registration statement on such date or dates as may be necessary to delay its effective date until the registrant shall file a further amendment which specifically states that this registration statement shall thereafter become effective in accordance with Section 8(a) of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or until this registration statement shall become effective on such date as the Securities and Exchange Commission, acting pursuant to said Section 8(a), may determine.

 

 

 

EXPLANATORY NOTE

On January 14, 2021, we filed a registration statement with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) on Form S-1 (File No. 333-252106) (the “Registration Statement”). The Registration Statement, as amended, was declared effective by the SEC on February 8, 2021 and registered an aggregate of up to 4,000,000 shares of our common stock, $0.0001 par value per share (“common stock”), issuable upon the exercise of certain private placement warrants, which are held or may be held by the selling securityholders named in the prospectus contained in the Registration Statement. The Registration Statement also registered for resale such shares of common stock by the selling stockholders identified in the prospectus.

This post-effective amendment is being filed to (i) include information from our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2020 that was filed on March 25, 2021 (the “Annual Report”); (ii) include information from our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended March 31, 2021 that was filed on May 13, 2021 and (iii) update certain other information in the Registration Statement.

No additional securities are being registered under this post-effective amendment and all applicable registration and filing fees were paid at the time of the original filing of the Registration Statement.

The information in this prospectus is not complete and may be changed. Neither we nor the Selling Securityholders may sell these securities until the registration statement filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission is effective. This prospectus is not an offer to sell these securities and it is not soliciting an offer to buy these securities in any jurisdiction where the offer or sale is not permitted.

 

SUBJECT TO COMPLETION, DATED MAY 27, 2021

PRELIMINARY PROSPECTUS

ARKO Corp.

Up to 4,000,0000 Shares of Common Stock

Up to 4,000,000 Shares of Common Stock Issuable Upon Exercise of Warrants

 

 

This prospectus relates to the issuance by us of up to an aggregate of up to 4,000,000 shares of our common stock, $0.0001 par value per share (“common stock”) that are issuable upon the exercise of 4,000,000 warrants (the “Private Warrants”) originally issued in a private placement in connection with the initial public offering of Haymaker. This prospectus also relates to the resale from time to time by the selling stockholders named in this prospectus or their respective permitted transferees (the “Selling Stockholders”) of up to 4,000,000 shares of our common stock that may be issued upon exercise of the Private Warrants.

The Selling Stockholders may offer, sell or distribute all or a portion of the shares of common stock registered hereby publicly or through private transactions at prevailing market prices or at negotiated prices. We provide more information about how the Selling Stockholders may sell their shares of our common stock in the section entitled “Plan of Distribution.”

We will pay certain offering fees and expenses and fees in connection with the registration of the common stock offered hereby and will not receive proceeds from the sale of the shares of common stock by the Selling Stockholders. We will receive the proceeds from the exercise of any Private Warrants for cash.

Our common stock and our publicly-traded warrants (the “Public Warrants”) are listed on the Nasdaq Capital Market under the symbols “ARKO” and “ARKOW,” respectively. On May 26, 2021, the closing price of our common stock was $10.47, and the closing price for the Public Warrants was $2.20.

INVESTING IN OUR SECURITIES INVOLVES RISKS THAT ARE DESCRIBED IN THE “RISK FACTORS” SECTION BEGINNING ON PAGE 5 OF THIS PROSPECTUS.

Neither the Securities and Exchange Commission nor any state securities commission has approved or disapproved of the securities to be issued under this prospectus or determined if this prospectus is truthful or complete. Any representation to the contrary is a criminal offense.

The date of this prospectus is             , 2021.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

 

FREQUENTLY USED TERMS			ii
CAUTIONARY NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS			iv
THE OFFERING			4
RISK FACTORS			5
USE OF PROCEEDS			20
DETERMINATION OF OFFERING PRICE			21
MARKET INFORMATION FOR COMMON STOCK AND DIVIDEND POLICY			22
UNAUDITED PRO FORMA CONDENSED COMBINED FINANCIAL INFORMATION			23
MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS			28
BUSINESS			57
MANAGEMENT			69
EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION			77
DESCRIPTION OF SECURITIES			92
BENEFICIAL OWNERSHIP OF SECURITIES			102
SELLING STOCKHOLDERS			105
CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS			107
U.S. FEDERAL INCOME TAX CONSIDERATIONS			112
PLAN OF DISTRIBUTION			117
LEGAL MATTERS			120
EXPERTS			120
CHANGE IN AUDITOR			120
WHERE YOU CAN FIND MORE INFORMATION			121
INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL INFORMATION			F-1

You should rely only on the information contained in this prospectus. No one has been authorized to provide you with information that is different from that contained in this prospectus. This prospectus is dated as of the date set forth on the cover hereof. You should not assume that the information contained in this prospectus is accurate as of any date other than that date.

 

i

FREQUENTLY USED TERMS

Unless otherwise stated or unless the context otherwise requires, the terms “we,” “us,” “Arko,” “our,” “New Parent” and the “Company” refer to ARKO Corp., a Delaware corporation, including its consolidated subsidiaries:

 

•

“amended and restated certificate of incorporation” means our amended and restated certificate of incorporation, dated December 21, 2020.

 

•

“Arko Holdings” means Arko Holdings Ltd., a company organized under the laws of the State of Israel and, unless the context otherwise requires, includes its consolidated subsidiaries

 

•

“Board” or “Board of Directors” means the board of directors of the Company.

 

•

“Business Combination” means the transactions contemplated by the Business Combination Agreement, pursuant to which, among other things, Merger Sub I merged with and into Haymaker (the “First Merger”), with Haymaker surviving the First Merger as a wholly-owned subsidiary of Arko, and Merger Sub II merged with and into Arko Holdings (the “Second Merger”), with Arko Holdings surviving the Second Merger as a wholly-owned subsidiary of Arko.

 

•

“Business Combination Agreement” means that certain Business Combination Agreement, dated as of September 8, 2020 (as amended by the Consent and Amendment No. 1 to the Business Combination Agreement, dated November 18, 2020) by and among Haymaker, Arko, Merger Sub I, Merger Sub II, and Arko Holdings.

 

•

“Closing Date” means the date of the closing of the Business Combination on December 22, 2020.

 

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“Code” means the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended.

 

•

“common stock” means the shares of common stock, par value $0.0001 per share, of the Company.

 

•

“DGCL” means the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware.

 

•

“Exchange Act” means the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended.

 

•

“Founder Shares” means, as of the Closing Date, the 4,800,000 shares of common stock and the right to receive 4,200,000 Deferred Shares (as defined in the Business Combination Agreement) that are owned by the Initial Stockholders.

 

•

“GAAP” means U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.

 

•

“GPM” means GPM Investments, LLC, a Delaware limited liability company, together with all of its subsidiaries. Prior to the Business Combination, Arko Holdings held a majority of the outstanding equity of GPM, and, following the Business Combination, both Arko Holdings and GPM became our wholly owned subsidiaries.

 

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“GPM Petroleum” or “GPMP” means GPM Petroleum LP together with all of its subsidiaries. GPM owns, directly and indirectly, 100% of the general partner of GPMP and 99.71% of the GPMP limited partner units.

 

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“Haymaker” means Haymaker Acquisition Corp. II, a Delaware corporation.

 

•

“Incentive Plan” means the ARKO Corp. 2020 Incentive Compensation Plan.

 

•

“Initial Stockholders” means the Sponsor and its permitted transferees together with Haymaker’s independent directors and their respective permitted transferees.

 

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“Investment Company Act” means the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended.

 

•

“IPO” means Haymaker’s initial public offering of units, consummated on June 11, 2019.

 

ii

•

“JOBS Act” means the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012.

 

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“Merger Sub I” means Punch US Sub, Inc., a Delaware corporation.

 

•

“Merger Sub II” means Punch Sub Ltd., a company organized under the laws of the State of Israel.

 

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“Nasdaq” means the Nasdaq Capital Market.

 

•

“Registration Rights Agreement” means that certain Registration Rights and Lock-Up Agreement, dated as of December 22, 2020, as amended, entered into by and among the Company, the Selling Stockholders and certain other parties thereto.

 

•

“SEC” means the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission.

 

•

“Securities Act” means the Securities Act of 1933, as amended.

 

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“SOX” means the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

 

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“Sponsor” means Haymaker Sponsor II LLC, a Delaware limited liability company.

 

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“Transfer Agent” means Continental Stock Transfer & Trust Company.

 

•

“Warrants” means the Private Warrants together with the Public Warrants.

 

iii

CAUTIONARY NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This prospectus contains forward-looking statements. Certain statements in this prospectus may constitute “forward-looking statements” for purposes of the federal securities laws. Our forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, statements regarding expectations, hopes, beliefs, intentions or strategies regarding the future. In addition, any statements that refer to projections, forecasts or other characterizations of future events or circumstances, including any underlying assumptions, are forward-looking statements. The words “anticipate,” “believe,” “continue,” “could,” “estimate,” “expect,” “intends,” “may,” “might,” “plan,” “possible,” “potential,” “predict,” “project,” “should,” “will,” “would” and similar expressions may identify forward-looking statements, but the absence of these words does not mean that a statement is not forward-looking. Forward-looking statements in this registration statement may include, for example, statements about:

 

•

changes in economic conditions and consumer confidence in the U.S. could materially adversely affect our business;

 

•

if we do not make acquisitions on economically acceptable terms, our future growth may be limited;

 

•

we may be unable to successfully integrate acquired operations or otherwise realize the expected benefits from our acquisitions;

 

•

our future growth depends on our ability to successfully implement our organic growth strategy, a major part of which consists of remodeling our convenience stores;

 

•

significant changes in current consumption of and regulations related to tobacco and nicotine products;

 

•

changes in the wholesale prices of motor fuel;

 

•

significant changes in demand for fuel-based modes of transportation;

 

•

we operate in a highly competitive industry characterized by low entry barriers;

 

•

negative events or developments associated with branded motor fuel suppliers;

 

•

we depend on four principal suppliers for the majority of our gross fuel purchases and two principal suppliers for merchandise;

 

•

a portion of our revenue is generated under fuel supply agreements with independent dealers that must be renegotiated or replaced periodically;

 

•

the retail sale, distribution and storage of motor fuels is subject to environmental protection and operational safety laws and regulations that may expose us or our customers to significant costs and liabilities;

 

•

business disruption and related risks resulting from the outbreak of COVID-19;

 

•

failure to comply with applicable laws and regulations;

 

•

the failure to recruit or retain qualified personnel;

 

•

unfavorable weather conditions;

 

•

we may be held liable for fraudulent credit card transactions on our fuel dispensers;

 

•

significant disruptions of information technology systems or breaches of data security;

 

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we depend on third-party transportation providers for the transportation of all of our motor fuel;

 

•

our operations present risks which may not be fully covered by insurance;

 

•

our variable rate debt;

 

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our credit facilities have substantial restrictions and financial covenants;

 

iv

•

the proposed phase out of the London Interbank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”);

 

•

we will incur significant increased expenses and administrative burdens as a public company;

 

•

we may not be able to timely and effectively implement controls and procedures required by Section 404(a) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act;

 

•

our corporate structure includes Israeli subsidiaries that may have adverse tax consequences and expose us to additional tax liabilities;

 

•

the market price and trading volume of our common stock may be volatile and could decline significantly;

 

•

if securities or industry analysts do not publish research, publish inaccurate or unfavorable research or cease publishing research about us or the convenience store industry;

 

•

sales of a substantial number of shares of our common stock in the public market;

 

•

other risks and uncertainties detailed under the section entitled “Risk Factors.”

The forward-looking statements contained in this prospectus are based on current expectations and beliefs concerning future developments and their potential effects on the Company. There can be no assurance that future developments affecting us will be those that we have anticipated. These forward-looking statements involve a number of risks, uncertainties, some of which are beyond our control, or other assumptions that may cause actual results or performance to be materially different from those expressed or implied by these forward-looking statements. These risks and uncertainties include, but are not limited to, those factors described in the section entitled “Risk Factors” and in our periodic filings with the SEC. Our SEC filings are available publicly on the SEC website at www.sec.gov. Should one or more of these risks or uncertainties materialize, or should any of our assumptions prove incorrect, actual results may vary in material respects from those projected in these forward-looking statements. Accordingly, forward-looking statements in this prospectus should not be relied upon as representing our views as of any subsequent date, and we undertake no obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, except as may be required under applicable securities laws.

 

v

 

1

 

2

 

3

 

4

RISK FACTORS

Investing in our securities involves a high degree of risk. You should carefully consider the risks and uncertainties described below, together with the other information in this prospectus, including our consolidated financial statements and the related notes appearing at the end of this prospectus and in the section titled “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” before deciding whether to invest in our securities. The occurrence of one or more of the events or circumstances described in these risk factors, alone or in combination with other events or circumstances, may have a material adverse effect on our business, reputation, revenue, financial condition, results of operations and future prospects, in which event the market price of our securities could decline, and you could lose part or all of your investment. The risks and uncertainties described below are not intended to be exhaustive and are not the only ones we face. Additional risks and uncertainties not presently known to us or that we currently deem immaterial may also impair our business operations. This prospectus also contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. Our actual results could differ materially from those anticipated in the forward-looking statements as a result of a number of factors, including the risks described below. See the section titled “Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements.”

Risks Related to Our Business and Industry

Changes in economic conditions and consumer confidence in the U.S. could materially adversely affect our business.

Our operations and the scope of services we provide are affected by changes in the macro-economic situation in the United States, which has a direct impact on consumer confidence and spending patterns. A number of key macro-economic factors, such as rising interest rates, inflation and unemployment, could have a negative effect on consumer habits and spending, and lead to lower demand for fuel and other products sold at our convenience stores and gas stations. Significant negative developments in the macro-economic environment in the United States could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

If we do not make acquisitions on economically acceptable terms, our future growth may be limited. Furthermore, any acquisitions we complete are subject to substantial risks that could result in losses.

Our ability to grow depends substantially on our ability to make acquisitions. We intend to expand our retail business and dealer distribution network through acquisitions. However, we may be unable to take advantage of accretive opportunities for any of the following reasons:

 

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We are unable to identify attractive acquisition opportunities or negotiate acceptable terms for acquisitions;

 

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We are unable to reach an agreement regarding the terms of pursued acquisitions;

 

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We are unable to raise financing for such acquisitions on economically acceptable terms;

 

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We may be limited in sites we can acquire and certain acquisitions may require divestitures prior to completion due to anti-trust regulations; or

 

•

We are outbid by competitors.

If we are unable to make acquisitions, our future growth will be limited. In addition, if we complete any future acquisitions, our capitalization and results of operations may change significantly. We may complete acquisitions, which, contrary to our expectations, ultimately prove to not be accretive. If any of these events were to occur, our future growth would be limited.

 

5

We may make acquisitions that we believe are beneficial, which ultimately result in negative financial consequences. Any acquisition involves potential risks, including, among other things:

 

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We may not be able to successfully integrate the businesses we acquire;

 

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We may not be able to achieve the anticipated synergies and financial improvements from the acquired businesses;

 

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We may not be able to retain key locations from the acquired businesses;

 

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We may be unable to discover material liabilities of businesses that we acquire;

 

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Acquisitions may divert the attention of senior management from focusing on our day-to-day operations;

 

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We may experience a decrease in liquidity resulting from our use of a significant portion of cash available for investment or borrowing capacity to finance acquisitions;

 

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Substantial investments in financial controls, information systems, management resources and human resources may be required in order to support future growth; and

 

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We may have difficulties in obtaining the required approvals, permits, licenses and consents for the acquired sites.

We may be unable to successfully integrate acquired operations or otherwise realize the expected benefits from our acquisitions, which could adversely affect the expected benefits from our acquisitions and our results of operations and financial condition.

Any acquisition involves the integration of the business of two companies that have previously operated independently. The difficulties of combining the operations of the two businesses include:

 

•

integrating personnel with diverse business backgrounds;

 

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converting customers to new systems; and

 

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combining different corporate cultures.

The process of integrating operations could cause an interruption of, or loss of momentum in, the activities of the business, and the loss of key personnel. The diversion of management’s attention and any delay or difficulty encountered in connection with the integration of the two companies’ operations could have an adverse effect on our business and results of operations.

The success of our acquisitions will depend, in part, on our ability to realize the anticipated benefits from combining the acquired business with ours. If we are unable to successfully integrate an acquired business, the anticipated benefits of such acquisition may not be realized fully or may take longer to realize than expected. For example, we may fail to realize the anticipated increase in earnings anticipated to be derived from an acquisition. In addition, as with any acquisition, a significant decline in asset valuations or cash flows may also cause us not to realize expected benefits.

Our future growth depends on our ability to successfully implement our organic growth strategy, a major part of which consists of remodeling our convenience stores.

A major part of our organic growth strategy consists of remodeling our convenience stores in order to improve customers’ shopping experience by offering high-quality, convenient and efficient facilities. Such large-scale remodeling projects entail significant risks, including shortages of materials or skilled labor, unforeseen engineering, environmental and/or geological problems, work stoppages, weather interference, unanticipated cost increases and non-availability of construction equipment. Such risks, in addition to potential difficulties in

 

6

obtaining any required licenses and permits, could lead to significant cost increases and substantial delays in the opening of the remodeled convenience stores. Historically, we have not previously undertaken such large-scale remodeling projects. Accordingly, there can be no assurance that we will be able to achieve our growth targets by successfully implementing this strategy.

Significant changes in current consumption of and regulations related to tobacco and nicotine products could materially adversely affect our business.

Tobacco and nicotine products, which accounted for approximately 18% of our total revenues for the year ended December 31, 2020, are a significant revenue source for us. Significant increases in wholesale cigarette prices, current and future tobacco legislation, including restrictions or bans on flavored tobacco products, national, state and local campaigns to discourage smoking, reductions in manufacturer rebates for the purchase of tobacco products and increases in taxes on cigarettes and other tobacco products could have a material adverse effect on the demand for tobacco products and, in turn, on our financial condition and results of operations.

Our financial condition and results of operations are influenced by changes in the wholesale prices of motor fuel, which may materially adversely impact our sales, customers’ financial condition and the availability of trade credit.

During the fiscal year ended December 31, 2020, fuel sales were approximately 60% of our total revenues and 44% of our combined fuel and merchandise margin, each of which will increase as a result of the acquisition of the business of Empire. Historically, we have not carried retail fuel inventory on hand for more than nine days in the ordinary course of our business and have not engaged in hedging transactions. Our operating results are influenced by prices for motor fuel, variable retail margins and the market for such products. Crude oil and domestic wholesale motor fuel markets are volatile. General political conditions, acts of war or terrorism and instability in oil producing regions, particularly in the Middle East, Russia, Africa and South America, could significantly affect crude oil supplies and wholesale fuel prices. Significant increases and volatility in wholesale fuel prices could result in substantial increases in the retail price of motor fuel products, lower fuel gross margin per gallon, lower demand for such products and lower sales to consumers and dealers. This volatility makes it extremely difficult to predict the impact future wholesale cost fluctuations will have on our financial condition and results of operations. Increases in fuel prices compress retail fuel margin because fuel costs typically increase faster than retailers are able to pass them along to customers. In addition, when prices for motor fuel rise, some of our dealers may have insufficient credit to purchase motor fuel from us at their historical volumes. Furthermore, when motor fuel prices decrease, so do prompt payment incentives, which are generally calculated as a percentage of the total purchase price of the motor fuel distributed. Additionally, because the interchange fees we pay when credit cards are used to make purchases are based on transaction amounts, higher fuel prices at the pump result in higher credit card expenses. These additional fees increase operating expenses. Finally, higher prices for motor fuel may reduce our access to trade credit or worsen the terms under which such credit is available to us, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

Significant changes in demand for fuel-based modes of transportation could materially adversely affect our business.

The road transportation fuel and convenience business is generally driven by consumer preferences, growth of road traffic and trends in travel and tourism. A number of automotive, industrial and power generation manufacturers are developing more fuel-efficient engines, hybrid engines and alternative clean power systems. In 2020, hybrid and electric vehicles accounted for approximately 2.0% of all automotive sales in the United States. A number of key factors could impact current customer behavior and trends with respect to road transportation and fuel consumption. These include new technologies providing increased access to non-fuel dependent means of transportation, legislation and regulations focused on fuel efficiency and lower fuel consumption, and the public’s general approach with regard to climate change and the effects of greenhouse gas emissions. Significant developments in any of the above-listed factors could lead to substantial changes in the demand for petroleum-based fuel and have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

 

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We operate in a highly competitive industry characterized by low entry barriers.

We compete with other convenience stores, gas stations, large and small food retailers, quick service restaurants and dollar stores. Since all such competitors offer products and services that are very similar to those offered by us, a number of key factors determine our ability to successfully compete in the marketplace. These include the location of stores, competitive pricing, convenient access routes, the quality and configuration of stores and fueling facilities, and a high level of service. In particular, many large convenience store chains have expanded their number of locations and remodeled their existing locations in recent years, enhancing their competitive position. In addition, some of our competitors have greater financial resources and scale than us, which may provide them with competitive advantages in negotiating fuel and other supply arrangements. Our inability to successfully compete in the marketplace by continuously meeting customer requirements concerning price, quality and service level could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Negative events or developments associated with branded motor fuel suppliers could have a material adverse impact on our revenues.

The success of our operations is dependent, in part, on the continuing favorable reputation, market value and name recognition associated with the motor fuel brands sold at our gas stations and to dealers. An event which adversely affects the value of those brands could have a negative impact on the volumes of motor fuel we distribute, which in turn could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We depend on four principal suppliers for the majority of our gross fuel purchases and two principal suppliers for merchandise. A failure by a principal supplier to renew its supply agreement, a disruption in supply or an unexpected change in supplier relationships could have a material adverse effect on our business.

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2020, Valero Marketing and Supply Company (“Valero Marketing”) supplied approximately 21%, Marathon Petroleum Company LP (“Marathon Petroleum”) supplied approximately 17%, BP Products North America Inc. (“BP North America”) supplied approximately 14% and Equilon Enterprises LLC DBA Shell Oil Products US (“Shell”) supplied approximately 17% of our gross fuel purchases, respectively. Our supply agreement with Valero Marketing expires in March 2026, our supply agreement with Marathon Petroleum expires in June 2023, our supply agreement with BP North America expires in December 2022 and our supply agreement with Shell expires in August 2023. If any of Valero Marketing, Marathon Petroleum, BP North America or Shell elects not to renew its contracts with us, we may be unable to replace the volume of motor fuel we currently purchase from such supplier on similar terms or at all. We rely upon our suppliers to timely provide the volumes and types of motor fuels for which they contract. We purchase motor fuels from a variety of suppliers under term contracts. In times of extreme market demand or supply disruption, we may be unable to acquire enough fuel to satisfy the demand of our customers. Any disruption in supply or a significant change in our relationship with our principal fuel suppliers could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We depend on two major vendors, Core-Mark and Grocery Supply Company, to supply a majority of our in-store merchandise. A significant disruption or operational failure affecting the operations of Core-Mark or Grocery Supply Company could materially impact the availability, quality and price of products sold at our convenience stores and gas stations, cause us to incur substantial unanticipated costs and expenses, and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

A portion of our revenue is generated under fuel supply agreements with independent dealers that must be renegotiated or replaced periodically. If we are unable to successfully renegotiate or replace these agreements, then our results of operations and financial condition could be adversely affected.

A portion of our revenue is generated under fuel supply agreements with independent dealers. As these supply agreements expire, they must be renegotiated or replaced. Our fuel supply agreements generally have an

 

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initial term of 10 years and, as of December 31, 2020, had a volume-weighted average remaining term of approximately 6.0 years. Our dealers have no obligation to renew their fuel supply agreements with us on similar terms or at all. We may be unable to renegotiate or replace our fuel supply agreements when they expire, and the terms of any renegotiated fuel supply agreements may not be as favorable as the terms of the agreements they replace. Whether these fuel supply agreements are successfully renegotiated or replaced is frequently subject to factors beyond our control. Such factors include fluctuations in motor fuel prices, a dealer’s ability to pay for or accept the contracted volumes and a competitive marketplace for the services offered by us. If we cannot successfully renegotiate or replace our fuel supply agreements, or must renegotiate or replace them on less favorable terms, revenues from these agreements could decline and our results of operations and financial condition could be adversely affected.

The retail sale, distribution and storage of motor fuels is subject to environmental protection and operational safety laws and regulations that may expose us or our customers to significant costs and liabilities, which could have a material adverse effect on our business.

We and our facilities and operations are subject to various federal, state and local environmental, health and safety laws, and regulations. These laws and regulations continue to evolve and are expected to increase in both number and complexity over time and govern not only the manner in which we conduct our operations, but also the products we sell. For example, international agreements and national, regional, and state legislation and regulatory measures that aim to limit or reduce greenhouse gas emissions or otherwise address climate change are currently in various stages of implementation. There are inherent risks that increasingly restrictive environmental and other regulation could materially impact our results of operations or financial condition. Most of the costs of complying with existing laws and regulations pertaining to our operations and products are embedded in the normal costs of doing business. However, it is not possible to predict with certainty the amount of additional investments in new or existing technology or facilities, or the amounts of increased operating costs to be incurred in the future, to prevent, control, reduce or eliminate releases of hazardous materials or other pollutants into the environment; remediate and restore areas damaged by prior releases of hazardous materials; or comply with new or changed environmental laws or regulations. Although these costs may be significant to the results of operations, we do not presently expect them to have a material adverse effect on our liquidity or financial position. Accidental leaks and spills requiring cleanup may occur in the ordinary course of business. We may incur expenses for corrective actions or environmental investigations at various owned and previously owned facilities or leased or previously leased and at third-party-owned waste disposal sites used by us. An obligation may arise when operations are closed or sold or at non-company sites where company products have been handled or disposed of. Expenditures to fulfill these obligations may relate to facilities and sites where past operations followed practices and procedures that were considered acceptable at the time but may require investigative or remedial work or both to meet current or future standards.

We do not physically transport any of the motor fuels. Rather, third-party transporters distribute the motor fuels. The transportation of motor fuels by third-party transporters, as well as the associated storage of such fuels at locations including convenience stores, are subject to various federal, state and local environmental laws and regulations, including those relating to ownership and operation of underground storage tanks, the release or discharge of regulated materials into the air, water and soil, the generation, storage, handling, use, transportation and disposal of hazardous materials, the exposure of persons to regulated materials, and the health and safety of employees dedicated to such transportation and storage activities. These laws and regulations may impose numerous obligations and restrictions that are applicable to motor fuels transportation and storage and other related activities, including acquisition of, or applications for, permits, licenses, or other approvals before conducting regulated activities; restrictions on the quality and labeling of the motor fuels that may be sold; restrictions on the types, quantities and concentration of materials that may be released into the environment; required capital expenditures to comply with pollution control requirements; and imposition of substantial liabilities for pollution or non-compliance resulting from these activities. Numerous governmental authorities, such as the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (the “EPA”), and analogous state agencies, have the power to monitor and enforce compliance with these laws and regulations and the permits, licenses and approvals issued

 

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under them, including fines, which can result in increased pollution control equipment costs or other actions. Failure to comply with these existing laws and regulations, or any newly adopted laws or regulations, may trigger administrative, civil or criminal enforcement measures, including the assessment of monetary penalties or other sanctions, the imposition of investigative, remedial or corrective action obligations, the imposition of additional compliance requirements on certain operations or the issuance of orders enjoining certain operations. Moreover, the trend in environmental regulation is for more restrictions and limitations on activities that may adversely affect the environment, the occurrence of which may result in increased costs of compliance.

Where releases of motor fuels or other substances or wastes have occurred, federal and state laws and regulations require that contamination caused by such releases be assessed and remediated to meet applicable clean-up standards. Certain environmental laws impose strict, joint and several liability for costs required to clean-up and restore sites where motor fuels or other waste products have been disposed or otherwise released. The costs associated with the investigation and remediation of contamination, as well as any associated third-party claims for damages or to impose corrective action obligations, could be substantial and could have a material adverse effect on us or our customers who transport motor fuels or own or operate convenience stores or other facilities where motor fuels are stored.

For more information on potential risks arising from environmental and occupational safety and health laws and regulations, please see “Business—Government Regulation.”

Business disruption and related risks resulting from the outbreak of COVID-19 could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations.

In December 2019, Chinese officials reported a novel coronavirus (“COVID-19”) outbreak. COVID-19 has since spread throughout the world, leading the World Health Organization to declare on March 11, 2020, that COVID-19 reached the magnitude of a global pandemic. The rapid spread of COVID-19 throughout the U.S. led federal, state and local governments to take significant steps in an attempt to reduce exposure to COVID-19 and control its negative effects on public health and the U.S. economy. Such governmental measures remain ongoing. The ultimate duration and severity of COVID-19, including any future resurgence, remain uncertain, however, a substantial and continuous deterioration in the business environment in the United States could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations, including:

 

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Significant reductions or volatility in demand for products sold at our convenience stores and gas stations due to substantially lower customer traffic resulting from travel restrictions, social distancing measures, and more people working and studying virtually;

 

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Significant disruptions of some or all of our operations as a result of government-imposed restrictions on customers and/or employees;

 

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Temporary or long-term disruptions and delays to our supply chain in connection with the pandemic’s impact on our network of suppliers and distributors, significantly impacting the quality, variety and pricing of merchandise sold at our sites;

 

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Limitation on employee availability and restrictions on the sale and pricing of certain products;

 

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Cost to comply with constantly evolving laws and regulations related to COVID-19, including additional cleaning and protective equipment for employees; and

 

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Changes to our competitors’ service offerings, including delivery and drive-through options, which we offer on a limited basis.

 

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Failure to comply with applicable laws and regulations could result in liabilities, penalties, costs, or license suspension or revocation that could have a material adverse effect on our business.

Our operations are subject to numerous federal, state and local laws and regulations, including regulations related to the sale of alcohol, tobacco, nicotine products, lottery/lotto products, other age-restricted products, operation of gaming machines, various food safety and product quality requirements, environmental laws and regulations, and various employment and tax laws. There have been, and we expect will continue to be, frequent changes and variation in local and state regulations in response to COVID-19, including the regulation of in-house dining and capacity restrictions, which vary by jurisdiction and locality. Currently, we have devoted substantial resources in order to comply with this changing regulatory environment and have implemented compliance protocols that vary based on local requirements and regulations, and expect this to continue as the regulatory environment continues to change.

Our violation of, or inability to comply with, state laws and regulations concerning the sale of alcohol, tobacco, nicotine products, lottery/lotto products, other age-restricted products and operation of gaming machines could expose us to regulatory sanctions ranging from monetary fines to the revocation or suspension of our permits and licenses for the sale of such products. Such regulatory action could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. To the extent we are not able to provide such information because owners of our stock do not provide the necessary documentation to comply, we may have those licenses suspended or revoked.

Our failure to comply with applicable labor and employment laws pertaining to, among others, minimum wage, mandated healthcare benefits or paid time-off benefits could result in increased regulatory scrutiny, monetary fines and substantial costs and expenses related to legal proceedings.

Our business, particularly the operation of gas stations, and the storage and transportation of fuel products, is directly affected by numerous environmental laws and regulations in the United States pertaining, in particular, to the quality of fuel products, the handling and disposal of hazardous wastes and the prevention and remediation of environmental contaminations. Such laws and regulations are constantly evolving and have generally become more stringent over time. Our compliance with such evolving regulation requires significant and continuously increasing capital expenditures. Our business may also be (indirectly) affected by the adoption of environmental laws and regulations intended to address global climate change by limiting carbon emissions and introducing more stringent requirements for the exploration, drilling and transportation of crude oil and petroleum products. Increasingly wide-spread implementation of such laws and regulations may lead to a significant increase in the cost of petroleum-based fuels and, in turn, lower demand for road transportation fuel. Our failure to comply with applicable environmental laws and regulations, or a significant contamination at one of our sites requiring remediation of contaminated soil and groundwater on a large scale, could expose us to substantial fines and penalties, as well as administrative, civil and criminal charges, all of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, reputation, financial condition and results of operations.

We are subject to extensive tax liabilities imposed by multiple jurisdictions, including income taxes, fuel excise taxes, sales and use taxes, payroll taxes, franchise taxes, property taxes and tobacco taxes. Many of these tax liabilities are subject to periodic audits by the respective taxing authorities. Substantial changes or reforms in the current tax regime could result in increased tax expenses and potentially have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

The failure to recruit or retain qualified personnel could materially adversely affect our business.

We are dependent on our ability to recruit and retain qualified individuals to work in and manage our convenience stores, and our operations are subject to federal and state laws governing such matters as minimum wages, overtime, working conditions and employment eligibility requirements. Economic factors, such as a decrease in unemployment and an increase in mandatory minimum wages at the local, state and federal levels

 

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and social benefits, could have a material impact on our results of operations if we are required to significantly increase wages and benefits expenditures in order to attract and retain qualified personnel. Additionally, the ongoing impact of the COVID-19 pandemic could impact our ability to recruit and retain qualified personnel.

Unfavorable weather conditions could adversely affect our business.

Weather conditions have a significant effect on our sales, as retail customer transactions in higher profit margin products generally increase when weather conditions are favorable. Consequently, our results are seasonal, and we typically earn more during the warmer second and third quarters of the year. In addition, severe weather phenomena, such as hurricanes, may adversely affect our results of operations and could result in significant damage to our gas stations, convenience stores and infrastructure, potentially resulting in substantial costs and expenses. Temporary or long-term disruptions to our supply chain in connection with unfavorable weather conditions could impact our network of suppliers and distributors, significantly impacting the quality, variety and pricing of merchandise sold at our sites.

We may be held liable for fraudulent credit card transactions on our fuel dispensers.

Europay, MasterCard and Visa, or EMV, is a global standard for credit cards that uses computer chips to authenticate and secure chip-card transactions. The liability for fraudulent credit card transactions shifted from the credit card processor to us in October 2015 for transactions processed inside the convenience stores (although due to the unavailability of the correct software from branded fuel suppliers, certain of such suppliers have retained certain associated liabilities) and shifted to us in April 2021 for transactions at the fuel dispensers. We have upgraded all of our inside point-of-sale machines to be EMV-compliant, and, in connection with incentive funds provided by fuel suppliers, we are actively upgrading our fuel dispensers to be EMV-compliant at the fuel dispenser with approximately 30% of retail locations completed as of December 31, 2020. Both due to the unavailability of the correct software from branded fuel suppliers and the required time and cost necessary to upgrade each site, we do not expect to upgrade all of our sites prior to the end of 2022 and accordingly, may be subject to liability for fraudulent credit card transactions processed at fuel dispensers.

Significant disruptions of information technology systems or breaches of data security could materially adversely affect our business.

We rely on multiple information technology systems and a number of third-party vendor platforms (collectively, “IT Systems”) in order to run and manage its daily operations. Such IT Systems allow us to manage various aspects of our business and to provide reliable analytical information to our management. IT Systems are vulnerable to, among other things, damage and interruption from power loss or natural disasters, computer system and network failures, loss of telecommunications services, physical and electronic loss of access to data and information, security breaches or other security incidents, and computer viruses or attacks. A serious, long-lasting disruption of our IT Systems could lead to the breakdown of critical operations and financial reporting systems, and have a material adverse effect on our business, reputation, financial condition and results of operation.

As a fuel and merchandise retailer, we collect and store large amounts of data on our network, including personal data from customers and other sensitive information concerning our employees, business partners and vendors. A breakdown or breach of our IT Systems could result in the unauthorized release of such personal and sensitive information. Although we have invested in measures to reduce these risks, it cannot guarantee that such measures will be successful in preventing compromise and/or disruption of our IT Systems and related data. An unauthorized release of personal data and other sensitive information resulting from a breakdown or breach of our IT Systems could expose us to significant costs and expenses, regulatory investigations and penalties, and potential lawsuits, all of which could have a material adverse effect on our reputation, financial condition and results of operations.

 

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In addition, successful cyberattacks or data breaches at one of our vendors, other convenience store operators, large retailers or other market participants, whether or not we are directly impacted, could lead to a general loss of customer confidence or affect our supply chain which could negatively affect us, including harming the market perception of the effectiveness of our security measures or harming the reputation of the industry in general, which could result in reduced use of our products and services.

We depend on third-party transportation providers for the transportation of all of our motor fuel. Thus, a change of providers or a significant change in our relationship with these providers could have a material adverse effect on our business.

All of the motor fuel we distribute is transported from terminals to gas stations by third-party transportation providers. Such providers may suspend, reduce or terminate their obligations to us if certain events (such as force majeure) occur. A change of key transportation providers, a disruption or cessation in services provided by such providers or a significant change in our relationship with such providers could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our operations present risks which may not be fully covered by insurance.

We carry comprehensive insurance against the hazards and risks underlying our operations. We believe our insurance policies are customary in the industry; however, some losses and liabilities associated with its operations may not be covered by our insurance policies. In addition, there can be no assurance that we will be able to obtain similar insurance coverage on favorable terms (or at all) in the future. Significant uninsured losses and liabilities could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations. Furthermore, our insurance is subject to high deductibles. As a result, certain large claims, even if covered by insurance, may require a substantial cash outlay by us, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

Our variable rate debt could adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.

Certain of our outstanding term loans and revolving credit facilities bear interest at variable rates, subjecting us to fluctuations in the short-term interest rate. As of December 31, 2020, approximately 96% of our debt bore interest at variable rates. Consequently, significant increases in market interest rates would create substantially higher debt service requirements, which could have a material adverse effect on our overall financial condition, including our ability to service our indebtedness.

GPM’s credit facilities have substantial restrictions and financial covenants that may restrict GPM’s business and financing activities.

GPM depends on the earnings and cash flow generated by its operations in order to meet its debt service obligations. The operating and financial restrictions and covenants in GPM’s credit facilities, and any future financing agreements, may restrict GPM’s ability to finance future operations or expand GPM’s business activities. For example, GPM’s credit facilities restrict its ability to, among other things:

 

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incur additional debt or issue guarantees;

 

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incur or permit liens to exist on certain property;

 

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make certain investments, acquisitions or other restricted payments;

 

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modify or terminate certain material contracts; and

 

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merge or dispose of all or substantially all of its assets.

 

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In addition, the credit agreements governing GPM’s credit facilities contain covenants requiring GPM to maintain certain financial ratios. See “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Liquidity and Capital Resources” for additional information about GPM’s credit facilities.

GPM’s ability to comply with these restrictions and covenants is uncertain and will be affected by the levels of cash flow from operations and other events or circumstances beyond GPM’s control. If market or other economic conditions deteriorate, GPM’s ability to comply with these covenants may be impaired. If GPM violates any provisions of its credit facilities that are not cured or waived within the appropriate time periods provided in such credit facilities, a significant portion of GPM’s indebtedness may become immediately due and payable, and GPM’s lenders’ commitment to make further loans to GPM may terminate. GPM might not have, or be able to obtain, sufficient funds to make these accelerated payments.

If GPM were unable to repay the accelerated amounts, its lenders could proceed against the collateral granted to them to secure such debt. If the payment of GPM’s debt is accelerated, its assets may be insufficient to repay such debt in full, which could result in GPM’s insolvency.

The proposed phase out of the London Interbank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”) could adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.

In 2017, the United Kingdom’s Financial Conduct Authority, which regulates LIBOR, announced that it intends to phase out LIBOR by the end of 2021, and subsequently extended the phase-out period until June 2023 for the majority of LIBOR rates. In 2019, the Financial Accounting Standards Board proposed guidance that would help facilitate the market transition from existing reference rates to alternative rates; however, there is currently no definitive information regarding the future use of LIBOR or a replacement rate. As of December 31, 2020, approximately 96% of our debt bore interest at variable rates. Most of our credit agreements were entered into in 2019 and 2020. Such credit agreements include a mechanism pursuant to which the underlying interest rate shall be determined according to the alternative index replacing LIBOR, as customary in the market at the time. Since there is still great uncertainty in the market with respect to the elimination of LIBOR and the potential transition to a replacement rate, the impact of such changes on our future debt repayment obligations, results of operations and financial condition remains uncertain.

Risks Related to the Business as a Public Company

We will incur significant increased expenses and administrative burdens as a public company, which could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We face increased legal, accounting, administrative and other costs and expenses as a public company.

The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (the “Sarbanes-Oxley Act”), including the requirements of Section 404, as well as rules and regulations subsequently implemented by the SEC, the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010 and the rules and regulations promulgated and to be promulgated thereunder, the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (“PCAOB”) and the securities exchanges, impose additional reporting and other obligations on public companies. Compliance with public company requirements will increase costs and make certain activities more time-consuming. A number of those requirements will require us to carry out activities we had not done previously. For example, we created new board committees and adopted new internal controls and disclosure controls and procedures. In addition, additional expenses associated with SEC reporting requirements will be incurred. Furthermore, if any issues in complying with those requirements are identified (for example, if our auditors identify a material weakness or significant deficiency in our internal control over financial reporting), we could incur additional costs rectifying those issues, and the existence of those issues could adversely affect our reputation or investor perceptions of it. It was also more expensive to obtain director and officer liability insurance. Risks associated with our status as a public company may make it

 

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more difficult to attract and retain qualified persons to serve on our board of directors or as executive officers. The additional reporting and other obligations imposed by these rules and regulations will increase legal and financial compliance costs and the costs of related legal, accounting and administrative activities. These increased costs will require us to divert a significant amount of money that could otherwise be used to expand our business and achieve certain strategic objectives. Advocacy efforts by stockholders and third parties may also prompt additional changes in governance and reporting requirements, which could further increase costs.

We may not be able to timely and effectively implement controls and procedures required by Section 404(a) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act.

We were not previously subject to Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. The standards required for a public company under Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act are significantly more stringent than those required of us prior to becoming a public company. Section 404(a) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (“Section 404(a)”) requires that, beginning with the second annual report following the merger transaction through which we became a public company, management assess and report annually on the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting and identify any material weaknesses in internal control over financial reporting. Additionally, Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (“Section 404(b)”) requires the independent registered public accounting firm to issue an annual report that addresses the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting. We expect that our first Section 404(a) and 404(b) assessments will take place for our annual report for the year ending December 31, 2021. Management may not be able to effectively and timely implement controls and procedures that adequately respond to the increased regulatory compliance and reporting requirements that became applicable after becoming a public company. If we are not able to implement the additional requirements of Section 404(a) in a timely manner or with adequate compliance, we may not be able to assess whether our internal controls over financial reporting are effective, which may subject us to adverse regulatory consequences and could harm investor confidence and the market price of our shares of common stock.

Risks Related to Our Organizational Structure

Our principal stockholders and management control us and their interests may conflict with yours in the future.

Our executive officers and directors and significant stockholders beneficially currently own approximately 67% of our outstanding voting stock. Each share of common stock entitles its holders to one vote on all matters presented to stockholders generally. Accordingly, those owners, if voting in the same manner, will be able to control the election and removal of our directors and thereby determine corporate and management policies, including potential mergers or acquisitions, payment of dividends, asset sales, amendment of the certificate of incorporation and bylaws and other significant corporate transactions for so long as they retain significant ownership. This concentration of ownership may delay or deter possible changes in control, which may reduce the value of an investment in the common stock. So long as they continue to own a significant amount of the combined voting power, even if such amount is less than 50%, they will continue to be able to strongly influence or effectively control our decisions.

Our corporate structure includes Israeli subsidiaries that may have adverse tax consequences and expose us to additional tax liabilities.

Our corporate structure includes Israeli subsidiaries that file tax returns in Israel. Israeli tax authorities may challenge positions taken by such subsidiaries with respect to its tax returns. To the extent such a challenge is sustained, this could increase our worldwide effective tax rate and adversely impact our financial position and results of operations. In addition, tax law or regulations in Israel may be amended and Israeli tax authorities may change their interpretations of existing tax law and regulations such that we may be subject to increased tax liabilities, including upon termination or liquidation of its Israeli subsidiaries. We may face additional tax liabilities in transferring cash through our Israeli subsidiaries by means of dividends or otherwise to support us,

 

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primarily due to withholding tax requirements imposed pursuant to the provisions of the Israeli tax law (which may be reduced under the provisions of the Convention between the Government of the United States of America and the Government of Israel with respect to Taxes on Income), which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation designates specific courts as the exclusive forum for certain litigation that may be initiated by our stockholders, which could limit our stockholders’ ability to obtain a favorable judicial forum for disputes with us.

Pursuant to our amended and restated certificate of incorporation, unless we consent in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware is the sole and exclusive forum for any state law claim for (1) any derivative action or proceeding brought on our behalf; (2) any action asserting a claim of or based on a breach of a fiduciary duty owed by any director, officer or other employee of ours to us or our stockholders; (3) any action asserting a claim pursuant to any provision of the Delaware General Corporation Law, our amended and restated certificate of incorporation or our bylaws; or (4) any action asserting a claim governed by the internal affairs doctrine (the “Delaware Forum Provision”). The Delaware Forum Provision will not apply to any causes of action arising under the Securities Act or the Exchange Act. Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation further provides that unless we consent in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, the United States District Court in Delaware shall be the sole and exclusive forum for resolving any complaint asserting a cause of action arising under the Securities Act (the “Federal Forum Provision”). In addition, our amended and restated certificate of incorporation provides that any person or entity purchasing or otherwise acquiring any interest in shares of common stock is deemed to have notice of and consented to the Delaware Forum Provision and the Federal Forum Provision; provided, however, that stockholders cannot and will not be deemed to have waived our compliance with the federal securities laws and the rules and regulations thereunder.

We recognize that the Delaware Forum Provision and the Federal Forum Provision in our amended and restated certificate of incorporation may impose additional litigation costs on stockholders in pursuing any such claims, particularly if the stockholders do not reside in or near the State of Delaware. Additionally, the forum selection clauses in our amended and restated certificate of incorporation may limit our stockholders’ ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum that they find favorable for disputes with us or our directors, officers or employees, which may discourage the filing of lawsuits against us and our directors, officers and employees, even though an action, if successful, might benefit our stockholders. While the Delaware Supreme Court ruled in March 2020 that federal forum selection provisions purporting to require claims under the Securities Act be brought in federal court were “facially valid” under Delaware law, there is uncertainty as to whether courts in other jurisdictions will enforce the Federal Forum Provision. If the Federal Forum Provision is found to be unenforceable, we may incur additional costs associated with resolving such matters. The Federal Forum Provision may also impose additional litigation costs on stockholders who assert that the provision is not enforceable or invalid. The Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware may also issue different judgments than would other courts, including courts where a stockholder considering an action may be located or would otherwise choose to bring the action, and such judgments may be more or less favorable to us than our stockholders.

Risks Related to Our Securities

If we fail to maintain an effective system of internal control over financial reporting, we may not be able to accurately report our financial results or prevent fraud. As a result, stockholders could lose confidence in our financial and other public reporting, which is likely to negatively affect our business and the market price of our common stock.

Effective internal control over financial reporting is necessary for us to provide reliable financial reports and prevent fraud. Any failure to implement required new or improved controls, or difficulties encountered in our

 

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implementation could cause us to fail to meet our reporting obligations. In addition, any testing conducted by us, or any testing conducted by our independent registered public accounting firm, may reveal deficiencies in our internal control over financial reporting that are deemed to be material weaknesses or that may require prospective or retroactive changes to our financial statements or identify other areas for further attention or improvement. Inferior internal controls could also cause investors to lose confidence in our reported financial information, which is likely to negatively affect our business and the market price of our common stock.

We are required to comply with Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, which requires management to certify the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting. Section 404(a) requires that, beginning with our second annual report following the merger transaction, management assess and report annually on the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting and identify any material weaknesses in its internal control over financial reporting. Additionally, Section 404(b) requires the independent registered public accounting firm to issue a report annually that addresses the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting. Our first Section 404(a) and 404(b) assessments are expected to take place for the annual report for the year ending December 31, 2021.

The market price and trading volume of our common stock may be volatile and could decline significantly.

The stock markets, including Nasdaq and the Tel Aviv Stock Exchange (“TASE”), on which we list our common stock, have from time to time experienced significant price and volume fluctuations. Even if an active, liquid and orderly trading market develops and is sustained for our common stock, the market price of our common stock may be volatile and could decline significantly. In addition, the trading volume in our common stock may fluctuate and cause significant price variations to occur. If the market price of our common stock declines significantly, you may be unable to resell your shares at or above the market price of our common stock as of the date of this prospectus. We cannot assure you that the market price of our common stock will not fluctuate widely or decline significantly in the future in response to a number of factors, including, among others, the following:

 

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the realization of any of the risk factors presented in this prospectus;

 

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actual or anticipated differences in our estimates, or in the estimates of analysts, for our revenues, results of operations, level of indebtedness, liquidity or financial condition;

 

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additions and departures of key personnel;

 

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failure to comply with the requirements of Nasdaq or the TASE;

 

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failure to comply with the Sarbanes-Oxley Act or other laws or regulations;

 

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future issuances, sales or resales, or anticipated issuances, sales or resales, of our common stock;

 

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publication of research reports about us, our sites or the convenience store industry generally;

 

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the performance and market valuations of other similar companies;

 

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broad disruptions in the financial markets, including sudden disruptions in the credit markets;

 

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speculation in the press or investment community or trends caused by internet forums;

 

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as a result of investors taking advantage of any arbitrage opportunity arising from discrepancies between the price of our common stock on Nasdaq and the TASE;

 

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actual, potential or perceived control, accounting or reporting problems; and

 

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changes in accounting principles, policies and guidelines.

In the past, securities class-action litigation has often been instituted against companies following periods of volatility in the market price of their shares. This type of litigation could result in substantial costs and divert our management’s attention and resources, which could have a material adverse effect on us.

 

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If securities or industry analysts do not publish research, publish inaccurate or unfavorable research or cease publishing research about us or the convenience store industry, our share price and trading volume could decline significantly.

The market for our common stock depends in part on the research and reports that securities or industry analysts publish about us, our business or our industry. As a new public company, we have had limited coverage from securities and industry analysts. If one or more of the analysts who cover us downgrade their opinions about our common stock, publish inaccurate or unfavorable research about us, or cease publishing about us regularly, demand for our common stock could decrease, which might cause our share price and trading volume to decline significantly. Additionally, if securities or industry analysts publish negative information regarding the industry generally or certain competitors of ours, this may affect the market price of all stocks in our sector, even if unrelated to our performance.

Sales of a substantial number of shares of our common stock in the public market could cause the price of our common stock to decline.

As of March 31, 2021, we had approximately 124.4 million shares of common stock outstanding and warrants to purchase approximately 18.4 million shares of common stock. Certain members of our board of directors, executive officers and their affiliates are subject to certain lock-up provisions, which were agreed to in connection with our business combination, with respect to an aggregate of approximately 42.6 million shares of our common stock, including vested stock options and warrants, through June 20, 2021.

We also intend to register shares of common stock that we may issue under our equity compensation plan. These shares may be sold freely in the public market upon issuance, subject to existing lock-up agreements and relevant vesting schedules, and applicable securities laws.

Sales of a substantial number of shares of our common stock in the public market or the perception that these sales might occur could depress the market price of our common stock and could impair our ability to raise capital through the sale of additional equity securities. We are unable to predict the effect that sales may have on the prevailing market price of our common stock. In addition, the sale of substantial amounts of our common stock could adversely impact its price.

Certain provisions in our amended and restated certificate of incorporation may limit stockholders’ ability to affect a change in management or control.

Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation includes certain provisions which may have the effect of delaying or preventing a future takeover or change in control that stockholders may consider to be in their best interests. Among other things, our amended and restated certificate of incorporation provides for a classified board of directors serving staggered terms of three years. Our equity plans and our officers’ employment agreements provide certain rights to plan participants and those officers, respectively, in the event of a change in control.

In the foreseeable future, we plan to reinvest all of our earnings and do not plan to pay dividends on our common stock.

In the foreseeable future, we plan to reinvest all of our earnings in order to pursue our business plan, cover operating costs and otherwise remain competitive. We do not plan to pay any cash dividends with respect to our common stock in the foreseeable future. There can be no assurance that we will, at any time, generate sufficient surplus cash that would be available for distribution to our stockholders as a dividend. Therefore, investors should not expect to receive cash dividends in the foreseeable future. Furthermore, any potential future dividends paid by GPM may partially flow through an Israeli company to us. As a result, the potential future dividends flowing through an Israeli company may be subject to Israeli tax liabilities, including withholding tax liabilities, thus reducing the earnings available to pay cash dividends.

 

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Our common stock is listed in two markets and this may result in price variations that could affect the trading price of our common stock.

Our common stock is listed on Nasdaq and the TASE, both under the symbol “ARKO.” Trading in our common stock on these markets is made in different currencies (U.S. Dollars on Nasdaq and New Israeli Shekels on the TASE), and at different times (due to the different time zones, different trading days and different public holidays in the United States and Israel). The trading prices of our common stock on these two markets may differ due to these and other factors. Any decrease in the trading price of our common stock on one of these markets could cause a decrease in the trading price of our common stock on the other market.

While our common stock is listed on the TASE, there is no guarantee as to how long such listing will be maintained.

While our common stock is listed on the TASE pursuant to Chapter E’3 of the Israeli securities laws, we will have the exclusive right to delist our securities from the TASE, provided we furnish notice thereof three months in advance of such delisting. Additionally, holders of shares of our outstanding Series A Convertible Preferred Stock (as defined herein) do not currently have voting rights with respect to such shares; however, pursuant to the terms of the Series A Preferred Stock, holders of at least a majority of the outstanding shares of Series A Preferred Stock may deliver to us an election that would change all outstanding shares of Series A Preferred Stock from non-voting to voting, which, pursuant to TASE rules, would result in the delisting of our common stock on the TASE. If our common stock is delisted from the TASE, some holders of the common stock that is traded on the TASE may be required or will choose to sell their stock, which could result in a decline in the market price of our common stock.

 

19

USE OF PROCEEDS

All of the common stock offered by the Selling Stockholders pursuant to this prospectus will be sold by the Selling Stockholders for their respective accounts. We will not receive any of the proceeds from these sales.

We will receive up to an aggregate of approximately $46.0 million from the exercise of the Private Warrants, assuming the exercise in full of all of the Private Warrants for cash. We expect to use the net proceeds from the exercise of the Private Warrants for general corporate purposes. We will have broad discretion over the use of proceeds from the exercise of the Private Warrants. There is no assurance that the holders of the Private Warrants will elect to exercise any or all of such Private Warrants. To the extent that the Private Warrants are exercised on a “cashless basis,” the amount of cash we would receive from the exercise of the Private Warrants will decrease.

 

20

DETERMINATION OF OFFERING PRICE

The offering price of the shares of common stock underlying the Private Warrants offered hereby is determined by reference to the exercise price of the Private Warrants of $11.50 per share.

We cannot currently determine the price or prices at which shares of our common stock may be sold by the Selling Stockholders under this prospectus.

 

21

MARKET INFORMATION FOR COMMON STOCK AND DIVIDEND POLICY

Market Information

Our common stock and Public Warrants are currently listed on the Nasdaq Capital Market under the symbols “ARKO” and “ARKOW,” respectively. Our common stock is currently also listed on the TASE under the symbol “ARKO.” Prior to the consummation of the Business Combination, our common stock and our Public Warrants were listed on the Nasdaq Capital Market under the symbols “HYAC” and “HYACW,’ respectively. As of March 23, 2021, there were 23 holders of record of our common stock and 12 holders of record of our Warrants. We currently do not intend to list the Private Warrants on any stock exchange or stock market.

Dividend Policy

We have not paid any cash dividends on the common stock to date. We may retain future earnings, if any, in order to pursue our business plan, cover operating costs and otherwise remain competitive, and have no current plans to pay cash dividends on the common stock in the foreseeable future. Any decision to declare and pay dividends in the future will be made at the discretion of the Board and will depend on, among other things, our results of operations, financial condition, cash requirements, contractual restrictions and other factors that the Board may deem relevant. In addition, our ability to pay dividends may be limited by covenants of any existing and future outstanding indebtedness we or our subsidiaries incur. We do not anticipate declaring any cash dividends to holders of the common stock in the foreseeable future.

Securities Authorized for Issuance under Equity Compensation Plans

The following table contains information as of December 31, 2020 with respect to compensation plans under which any of our equity securities are authorized for issuance. This table includes information as of December 31, 2020 with respect to our equity securities under the ARKO Corp. 2020 Incentive Compensation Plan (the “2020 Plan”), which was approved by our stockholders in connection with the Business Combination and is our only equity compensation plan.

 

		Equity Compensation Plan Information
Plan Category		Number of securities to be issued upon exercise of outstanding options, warrants and rights				Weighted- average exercise price of outstanding options, warrants and rights				Number of securities remaining available for future issuance under equity compensation plans (excluding securities reflected in column (a))
			(a)				(b)				(c)
Equity compensation plans approved by securityholders			435,899	(1)		$	—				12,413,166
Equity compensation plans not approved by securityholders			—				—				—
Total			435,899			$	—				12,413,166

 

(1)	Represents shares of common stock held by a trustee in order to receive favorable tax treatment under Israel laws in accordance with and subject to the terms and conditions set forth in the Israeli Appendix attached to the 2020 Plan.

 

22

UNAUDITED PRO FORMA CONDENSED COMBINED FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Capitalized terms used in this section of the prospectus and not defined in this section of the prospectus have the respective meanings given to those terms as defined and included elsewhere in this prospectus. Terms specifically defined in this section have such meanings for purposes of this section of this prospectus.

The unaudited pro forma condensed combined financial statements are based on the historical consolidated financial statements of ARKO and Empire as adjusted to give effect to:

 

•

the Empire Acquisition; and

 

•

Related financing transactions

The transactions above are collectively referred to as the “Transactions.” The unaudited pro forma condensed combined statements of operations for the year ended December 31, 2020 give pro forma effect to the Transactions as if they had occurred on January 1, 2020.

The assumptions and estimates underlying the unaudited adjustments to the unaudited pro forma condensed combined financial statements are described in the accompanying notes, which should be read in conjunction with the following included elsewhere in this prospectus:

 

•

Empire’s unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and related notes for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020.

 

•

Empire’s audited consolidated financial statements and related notes for the year ended December 31, 2019.

 

•

ARKO’s audited consolidated financial statements and related notes for the year ended December 31, 2020.

 

•

ARKO’s Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

The unaudited pro forma condensed combined financial statements do not give effect to any anticipated synergies, operating efficiencies or cost savings that may be associated with the Transactions.

The unaudited condensed combined pro forma adjustments reflecting the consummation of the Transactions are based on certain estimates and assumptions. These estimates and assumptions are based on information available as of the dates of these unaudited pro forma condensed combined financial statements and may be revised as additional information becomes available. Therefore, it is likely that the actual adjustments will differ from the pro forma adjustments and it is possible the differences may be material.

Empire Petroleum Partners, LLC

Empire Petroleum Partners, LLC and its subsidiaries (“Empire”) was formed on June 15, 2011 as a Delaware limited liability company and commenced operations on July 7, 2011 when it acquired substantially all of the assets and liabilities of Empire Petroleum Holdings, LLC. Empire was one of the largest and most geographically diversified independent wholesale distributors of motor fuel in the United States. Empire’s motor fuel distribution network served retail fuel outlets primarily in its four core markets of the Southwest, East, North and Central regions of the United States.

Description of the Empire Acquisition

Following a purchase agreement entered into on December 17, 2019 (the “Purchase Agreement”) between a fully owned subsidiary of GPM, GPMP and unrelated third parties (the “Sellers”), on October 6, 2020 (the “Empire Closing Date”), the Empire Acquisition closed for the purchase of (i) the Sellers’ wholesale business of supplying fuel which included 1,453 gas stations operated by others (dealers) and (ii) 84 self-operated convenience stores and gas stations.

 

23

As part of the Empire Acquisition, on the Empire Closing Date, the Sellers: (i) sold to GPMP the rights according to agreements with fuel suppliers and all of the rights to supply fuel to 1,537 sites; (ii) sold to a subsidiary of GPM the fee simple ownership rights in 64 sites; (iii) assigned to various of GPM’s subsidiaries leases of 132 sites (including two vacant parcels and one non-operating site); (iv) leased to certain of GPM’s subsidiaries 34 sites (including one vacant parcel) that are valued at approximately $60 million that are owned by the Sellers; and (v) sold and assigned to various of GPM’s subsidiaries and GPMP the equipment, inventory, agreements, intangible assets and other rights with regard to the wholesale and retail businesses acquired (collectively, the “Acquired Operations”).

The consideration to the Sellers for the Acquired Operations, based on the Purchase Agreement and an amendment dated October 5, 2020, was as follows:

 

•

The consideration paid to the Sellers on the Empire Closing Date totaled approximately $353 million, and in addition, approximately $10.6 million was paid for the cash and inventory in the stores, net of deposit amounts and other collateral provided by the dealers, as of the Empire Closing Date (collectively, the “Empire Closing Consideration”). The Empire Closing Consideration is subject to post-closing adjustments.

 

•

On each of the first five anniversaries of the Empire Closing Date, the Sellers will be paid an amount of $4.0 million (total of $20.0 million) (the “Empire Additional Consideration”). If the Sellers will be entitled to amounts on account of the Empire Contingent Consideration (as defined below), these amounts will initially be applied to accelerate payments on account of the Empire Additional Consideration.

 

•

An amount of up to $45.0 million (the “Empire Contingent Consideration”) will be paid to the Sellers according to mechanisms set forth in the Purchase Agreement, with regard to the occurrence of the following events during the five years from the Empire Closing Date (the “Earnout Period”): (i) sale and lease to third parties or transfer to self-operation by GPM of sites which leases to third parties expired or are scheduled to expire during the Earnout Period, (ii) renewal of agreements with dealers at sites not leased or owned by GPM which agreements expired or are scheduled to expire during the Earnout Period, (iii) improvement in the terms of the agreements with fuel suppliers (with regard to the Acquired Operations and/or GPM’s sites as of the Empire Closing Date), (iv) improvement in the terms of the agreements with transportation companies (with regard to the Acquired Operations and/or GPM’s sites as of the Empire Closing Date), and (v) the closing of additional wholesale transactions that the Sellers has engaged in prior to the Empire Closing Date. The measurement and payment of the Contingent Consideration will be made once a year.

$350 million of the Empire Closing Consideration was paid by use of the Capital One Line of Credit. In addition, on the Empire Closing Date, in accordance with the Ares Credit Agreement, the Delayed Term Loan A in an amount of $63 million was provided to GPM, and was used for the payment of the balance of the Empire Closing Consideration and is to be used by GPM to finance working capital, other payments related to the Empire Acquisition, including payments on account of the Empire Additional Consideration and the Empire Contingent Consideration, at GPM’s discretion.

The Empire Acquisition was accounted for under the acquisition method of accounting in accordance with ASC Topic 805, Business Combinations. As the acquirer for accounting purposes, GPM has estimated the fair value of Empire’s assets acquired and liabilities assumed and conformed the accounting policies of Empire to its own accounting policies.

 

24

ARKO Corp.

Unaudited Pro Forma Condensed Consolidated Statement of Operations

For the year ended December 31, 2020

(Amounts in thousands, except per share data)

 

		ARKO Corp. (Historical)				Empire Petroleum Partners, LLC (Historical)				Acquisition Transaction Adjustments								Combined Pro Forma
Revenues:
Fuel revenue		$	2,352,884			$	1,105,626			$	303,465				2b			$	3,761,975
Merchandise revenue			1,494,342				73,459				(1,236	)			2b				1,566,565
Other revenues, net			63,489				9,361				1,216				2b				74,066
Total revenues			3,910,715				1,188,446				303,445								5,402,606
Operating expenses:
Fuel costs			2,031,899				1,017,230				301,576				2b				3,350,705
Merchandise costs			1,088,032				53,339				(658	)			2b				1,140,713
Store operating expenses			532,422				7,047				49,393				2b				591,225
										2,363				2a
General and administrative expenses			94,424				—				18,631				2b				112,153
										115				2c
										(1,017)				2d
Selling, general and administrative expenses			—				66,396				(66,396	)			2b				—
Depreciation and amortization			74,396				24,905				(1,154	)			2e				98,147
Total operating expenses			3,821,173				1,168,917				302,853								5,292,943
Other expenses (income), net			9,228				(3,716	)			(65	)			2b				5,447
Operating income			80,314				23,245				657								104,216
Interest and other financial income			1,245				—				—								1,245
Interest and other financial expenses			(51,673	)			(11,898	)			(1,915	)			2f				(66,426	)
										(295)				2g
											(645	)			2h
Income (loss) before income taxes			29,886				11,347				(2,198	)							39,035
Income tax benefit (expense)			1,499				(115	)			675				2c				2,059
Loss from equity investment			(1,269	)			—				—								(1,269	)
Net income (loss)		$	30,116			$	11,232			$	(1,523	)						$	39,825
Less: Net income attributable to non-controlling interests			16,929				—				—								16,929
Net income (loss) attributable to ARKO Corp.		$	13,187			$	11,232			$	(1,523	)						$	22,896
Accretion of redeemable preferred stock			(3,120	)															(3,120	)
Series A redeemable preferred stock dividends			(157	)															(157	)
Net income attributable to common shareholders		$	9,910															$	19,619
Net earnings per share attributable to common shareholders—basic and diluted		$	0.14															$	0.28
Weighted average shares outstanding:
Basic and Diluted			71,074																71,074

 

25

Note 1. Basis of Pro Forma Presentation

The historical consolidated financial statements have been adjusted in the unaudited pro forma condensed combined financial information to give effect to the Transactions’ accounting adjustments, which consist of those necessary to account for the Empire Acquisition.

The initial accounting treatment of the Empire Acquisition reflected in the unaudited pro forma condensed combined financial information is provisional as the Company has not yet finalized the initial accounting treatment of the Empire Acquisition, and in this regard, has not finalized the valuation of the fair value of the business acquisition consideration, some of the assets and liabilities acquired and the goodwill resulting from the acquisition, mainly due to the period of time between the Empire Closing Date and the date of this filing. Therefore, some of the fair value information is still provisional and changes may occur that will affect the information as included in this unaudited pro forma condensed combined financial information.

The unaudited pro forma condensed combined financial statements have been prepared for illustrative purposes only and are not necessarily indicative of what the actual results of operations would have been had the Transactions taken place on the dates indicated, nor do they purport to project the future consolidated results of operations of ARKO. They should be read in conjunction with the respective historical audited and unaudited consolidated financial statements and notes thereto of ARKO and Empire, which are included elsewhere in this prospectus.

There were no significant intercompany transactions between ARKO and Empire for the period of these unaudited pro forma combined financial statements.

The pro forma combined provision for income taxes does not necessarily reflect the amounts that would have resulted had ARKO and Empire filed consolidated income tax returns during the period presented.

Note 2. Unaudited Pro Forma Condensed Combined Statements of Operations Acquisition Transaction Adjustments

The pro forma adjustments included in the unaudited pro forma condensed combined statement of operations for the year ended December 31, 2020 are as follows:

 

a)

Reflects the impact of the adoption of ASC 842 – Lease Accounting with an increase to rental expense. In addition, simultaneously with the Empire Acquisition, certain of the GPM’s subsidiaries entered into lease agreements with the Sellers which are also reflected in these adjustments.

 

b)

Reflects adjustments to reclassify fuel taxes and certain Empire expenses to the corresponding ARKO classification and reflects the reclassification of Empire selling, general and administrative expenses into general and administrative expenses and store operating expenses, respectively.

 

c)

Reflects the reclassification of Empire franchise tax expenses into general and administrative expenses as well as the tax impact of each of the adjustments within Note 2a through 2h at a blended statutory rate of 25.5%.

 

d)

Reflects the reduction of compensation expense related to Empire’s executives, who were not retained.

 

e)

The following table summarizes the changes in the estimated depreciation and amortization expense (in thousands) primarily based on adjusting the basis in the acquired property and equipment to estimated fair value of $125.6 million and recording identifiable intangible assets of $205.3 million, as well as removing the amortization associated with Empire’s intangible assets:

 

Estimated amortization		$	12,125
Estimated depreciation			11,626
Historical depreciation and amortization			(24,905	)
Pro forma adjustment to depreciation and amortization		$	(1,154	)

 

26

f)

The Empire Closing Consideration was funded using $350 million drawn on the Capital One Line of Credit together with $63 million of proceeds from the Delayed Term Loan A. On the Empire Closing Date, the Capital One Line of Credit and Ares Delayed Term Loan A bore variable interest rates based on LIBOR plus a spread of 3.25% and 4.75%, respectively. Debt issuance costs of $5.2 million were incurred. GPM did not assume Empire’s outstanding debt. The adjustment reflects the elimination of historical interest expense and recording the interest expense associated with the new debt. Interest expense adjustment is reflected as follows (in thousands):

 

Estimated interest expense		$	13,813
Historical interest expense			(11,898	)
Pro forma adjustment to interest expense		$	1,915

 

g)

Reflects the increase in interest expense associated with asset retirement obligations acquired.

 

h)

Reflects the increase in interest expense associated with financing leases assumed.

 

27

MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

The following discussion of our results of operations and financial condition should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this prospectus. This discussion contains forward-looking statements based upon our current expectations, estimates and projections that involve risks and uncertainties. Actual results could differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements due to, among other considerations, the matters discussed under “Risk Factors” and “Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements.”

Overview

ARKO Corp. was incorporated under the laws of Delaware on August 26, 2020 for the purpose of facilitating the Business Combination, of Haymaker Acquisition Corp. II, a Delaware corporation (“Haymaker”), and Arko Holdings Ltd., a company organized under the laws of the State of Israel, which we refer to as Arko Holdings. Our shares of common stock, $0.0001 par value per share (“common stock”), and publicly-traded warrants were registered to trade on the Nasdaq Stock Market on December 22, 2020 and commenced trading on December 23, 2020, and our common stock is dual-listed on the Tel Aviv Stock Exchange (“TASE”). The main activity of Arko Holdings prior to the foregoing business combination was its holding, through its subsidiaries, of controlling rights in GPM Investments, LLC, a Delaware limited liability company, which we refer to as GPM, which is our operating entity and upon the consummation of the Business Combination became our indirect wholly owned subsidiary. Arko Holdings’ Bonds (Series C) had traded on the TASE since June 28, 2016 and were fully redeemed on March 30, 2021; consequently, Arko Holdings is no longer a reporting entity under Israeli securities laws.

Based in Richmond, VA, we are a leading independent convenience store operator and, as of the date of this prospectus, are the sixth largest convenience store chain in the United States ranked by store count, operating approximately 1,380 retail convenience stores. We operate the stores under 18 regional store brands including 1-Stop, Admiral, Apple Market^®, BreadBox, E-Z Mart^®, ExpressStop^®, fas mart^®, fastmarket^®, Jiffi Stop^®, Li’l Cricket, Next Door Store^®, Roadrunner Markets, Rstore, Scotchman^®, shore stop^®, Town Star, Village Pantry^® and Young’s. In addition, we also supply fuel to approximately 1,625 dealer-operated gas stations. We are well diversified geographically and operate across 33 states and the District of Columbia in the Mid-Atlantic, Midwestern, Northeastern, Southeastern and Southwestern United States.

We derive our revenue from the retail sale of fuel and the products offered in our stores, as well as the wholesale distribution of fuel. Our retail stores offer a wide array of cold and hot foodservice, beverages, cigarettes and other tobacco products, candy, salty snacks, grocery, beer and general merchandise. We have foodservice offerings at over 250 company-operated stores. The foodservice category includes hot and fresh foods, deli, fried chicken, bakery, pizza, roller grill items and other prepared foods. We offer a value food menu consisting of items such as hot dogs and chicken sandwiches. In addition, we operate over 70 branded quick service restaurants consisting of major national brands. Additionally, we provide a number of traditional convenience store services that generate additional income, including lottery, prepaid products, gift cards, money orders, ATMs, gaming, and other ancillary product and service offerings. We also generate revenues from car washes at approximately 100 of our locations.

Our reportable segments are described below.

Retail Segment

The retail segment includes the operation of a chain of retail stores, which includes convenience stores selling fuel products and other merchandise to retail customers. At our convenience stores, we own the merchandise and fuel inventory and employ personnel to manage the store.

 

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Wholesale Segment

The wholesale segment supplies fuel to independent dealers, sub-wholesalers and bulk purchasers, on either a cost plus or consignment basis. For consignment arrangements, we retain ownership of the fuel inventory at the site, are responsible for the pricing of the fuel to the end consumer and share a portion of the gross profit earned from the sale of fuel by the consignment operators.

GPMP Segment

The GPMP segment includes the operations of GPM Petroleum LP (“GPMP”), which primarily sells and supplies fuel to GPM and its fuel-selling subsidiaries (both in the Retail and Wholesale segments) at GPMP’s cost of fuel (currently including taxes and certain transportation) plus a fixed margin.

Trends Impacting Our Business

We have achieved strong store growth over the last several years, primarily by implementing a highly successful acquisition strategy. From 2013 through the date of this prospectus, we completed 19 acquisitions. As a result, our store count has grown from 320 sites in 2011 to 2,949 sites as of March 31, 2021, of which 1,324 were operated as retail convenience stores and 1,625 supplied fuel to independently operated fueling stations. These strategic acquisitions have had, and we expect will continue to have, a significant impact on our reported results and can make period to period comparisons of results difficult. We completed our acquisition of the business of Empire Petroleum Partners, LLC, which business we refer to as Empire, in October 2020, which was significant and added 84 retail sites and 1,453 wholesale sites to our business (the “Empire Acquisition”). The Empire Acquisition was our only business acquisition in 2020. With our achievement of significant size and scale, we have added an additional focus of organic growth, including implementing company-wide marketing and merchandising initiatives, which we believe will result in significant value accretion to all the assets we have acquired. We believe that this complementary strategy will help further our growth through both acquisitions and organically and improve our results of operations.

The following table provides a history of our acquisitions, conversions and closings for the periods noted, for the retail and wholesale segments:

 

		For the three months ended March 31,
Retail Segment		2021				2020
Number of sites at beginning of period			1,330				1,272
Company-controlled sites converted to consignment locations and independent and lessee dealers, net			—				(1	)
Closed, relocated or divested sites			(6	)			—
Number of sites at end of period			1,324				1,271

 

		For the three months ended March 31,
Wholesale Segment		2021				2020
Number of sites at beginning of period			1,614				128
Newly opened or reopened sites			14				—
Consignment locations or independent and lessee dealers converted from Company-controlled sites, net			—				1
Closed, relocated or divested sites			(3	)			(1	)
Number of sites at end of period			1,625				128

There has been an ongoing trend in the convenience store industry focused on increasing and improving in-store foodservice offerings, including fresh foods, quick service restaurants or proprietary food offerings. We

 

29

believe consumers may be more likely to patronize convenience stores that include such new and improved food offerings, which may also lead to increased inside merchandise sales or fuel sales for such stores. Although our foodservice sales have been negatively impacted during the COVID-19 pandemic, we believe this trend will reverse when the effects of the pandemic subside. Our current foodservice offering primarily consists of hot and fresh foods, deli, fried chicken, bakery, pizza, roller grill items and other prepared foods. We offer a value food menu consisting of items such as hot dogs and chicken sandwiches. We have historically relied upon a limited number of franchised quick service restaurants and in-store delis to drive customer traffic rather than other foodservice offerings. As a result, we believe that our under-penetration of foodservice presents an opportunity to expand foodservice offerings and margin in response to changing consumer behavior. In addition, we believe that continued investment in new technology platforms and applications to adapt to evolving consumer eating preferences, including contactless checkout, order ahead service, and delivery, will further drive growth in profitability.

Our operations are significantly impacted by the retail fuel margins we receive on gallons sold. While we expect our same store fuel sales volumes to remain stable over time, even though they were recently impacted by COVID-19, and the fuel margins we realize on those sales to remain stable, these fuel margins can change rapidly as they are influenced by many factors including: the price of refined products; interruptions in supply caused by severe weather; severe refinery mechanical failures for an extended period of time; and competition in the local markets in which we operate.

The cost of our main products, gasoline and diesel fuel, is greatly impacted by the wholesale cost of fuel in the United States. We attempt to pass along wholesale fuel cost changes to our customers through retail price changes; however, we are not always able to do so. The timing of any related increase or decrease in retail prices is affected by competitive conditions. As a result, we tend to experience lower fuel margins when the cost of fuel is increasing gradually over a longer period and higher fuel margins when the cost of fuel is declining or more volatile over a shorter period of time.

We also operate in a highly competitive retail convenience market that includes businesses with operations and services that are similar to those that are provided by us. We face significant competition from other large chain operators. In particular, large convenience store chains have increased their number of locations and remodeled their existing locations in recent years, enhancing their competitive position. We believe that convenience stores managed by individual operators who offer branded or non-branded fuel are also significant competitors in the market. The convenience store industry is also experiencing competition from other retail sectors including grocery stores, large warehouse retail stores, dollar stores and pharmacies.

Business Highlights

The Empire Acquisition contributed to the increase in our results of operations in the first quarter of 2021, primarily in the wholesale segment, as compared to the first quarter of 2020. Although the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic reduced total gallons sold thus far in 2021 as compared to 2020, higher fuel margins compared to the same period in 2020 resulted in improved results, partly due to less competitive pricing pressure on fuel. Increased merchandise contribution at same stores combined with an increase in other revenues also positively impacted 2021. General and administrative expenses increased in 2021, as compared to 2020, to support the Empire Acquisition.

Seasonality

Our business is seasonal, and our operating income in the second and third quarters has historically been significantly greater than in the first and fourth quarters as a result of the generally improved climate and seasonal buying patterns of our customers. Inclement weather, especially in the Midwest and Northeast regions of the United States during the winter months, can negatively impact our financial results.

 

30

Results of Operations for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020

The period-to-period comparisons of our results of operations contained in this Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operation have been prepared using our consolidated interim financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this prospectus. The following discussion should be read in conjunction with such interim consolidated financial statements and related notes.

COVID-19

An outbreak of coronavirus (“COVID-19”) began in China in December 2019 and subsequently spread throughout the world. On March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization declared COVID-19 as a pandemic. Throughout the pandemic, our convenience stores and independent outside operations have continued to operate and have remained open to the public because convenience store operations and gas stations have been deemed an essential business by numerous federal and state authorities, including the U.S. Department of Homeland Security, and therefore are exempt from many of the closure orders that were, or are currently, imposed on U.S. businesses.

The COVID-19 pandemic has generally impacted our results of operations positively, principally due to the significant increase in fuel margin, which more than offset a reduction in the number of gallons sold at gas stations as a result of the pandemic. Since the beginning of the first quarter of 2021, we have seen an increase in fuel volume as vaccinations have become available and COVID-19 cases have decreased in many areas. Businesses have continued to re-open, and customer traffic has increased.

Consolidated Results

The Business Combination was accounted for as a reverse recapitalization. Under this method of accounting, Haymaker was treated as the “acquired” company and Arko Holdings was considered the accounting acquirer for accounting purposes. Because Arko Holdings was deemed the accounting acquirer, upon the consummation of the Business Combination, the historical financial statements of Arko Holdings became the historical financial statements of the combined company. As a result, the financial statements included in this prospectus and discussed herein reflect the historical operating results of Arko Holdings prior to December 22, 2020, which was the date on which the Business Combination closed (the “Closing Date”) and our combined results, including those of Haymaker, following the Closing Date.

 

31

The table below shows our consolidated results for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, together with certain key metrics.

 

		For the three months ended March 31,
		2021				2020
		(in thousands)
Revenues:
Fuel revenue		$	1,102,947			$	563,041
Merchandise revenue			359,281				323,679
Other revenues, net			22,128				13,160
Total revenues			1,484,356				899,880
Operating expenses:
Fuel costs			1,012,798				499,803
Merchandise costs			260,754				239,091
Store operating expenses			144,938				128,830
General and administrative			26,713				18,893
Depreciation and amortization			24,242				17,071
Total operating expenses			1,469,445				903,688
Other expenses, net			1,672				4,176
Operating income (loss)			13,239				(7,984	)
Interest and other financial expenses, net			(28,617	)			(6,651	)
Loss before income taxes			(15,378	)			(14,635	)
Income tax benefit			722				2,011
Loss from equity investment			(6	)			(233	)
Net loss		$	(14,662	)		$	(12,857	)
Less: Net income (loss) attributable to non-controlling interests			74				(2,401	)
Net loss attributable to ARKO Corp.		$	(14,736	)		$	(10,456	)
Series A redeemable preferred stock dividends			(1,402	)
Net loss attributable to common shareholders		$	(16,138	)
Fuel gallons sold			448,315				248,699
Fuel margin, cents per gallon1			20.1				25.4
Merchandise contribution2			98,527				84,588
Merchandise margin3			27.4	%			26.1	%
Adjusted EBITDA4			42,303				16,934

 

1	Calculated as fuel revenue less fuel costs divided by fuel gallons sold.

2	Calculated as merchandise revenue less merchandise costs.

3	Calculated as merchandise contribution divided by merchandise revenue.

4	Refer to Use of Non-GAAP Measures below for discussion of this non-GAAP performance measure and related reconciliation.

 

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Three Months Ended March 31, 2021 versus Three Months Ended March 31, 2020

For the three months ended March 31, 2021, fuel revenue increased by $539.9 million, or 95.9%, compared to the first quarter of 2020. The increase in fuel revenue was attributable primarily to incremental gallons sold related to the Empire Acquisition, which was partially offset by fewer gallons sold in the first quarter of 2021 primarily due to the COVID-19 pandemic, as the pandemic did not have a significant impact on our results until the second half of March 2020.

For the three months ended March 31, 2021, merchandise revenue increased by $35.6 million, or 11.0%, compared to the first quarter of 2020 primarily due to an increase in same store merchandise sales and the Empire Acquisition.

For the three months ended March 31, 2021, other revenue increased by $9.0 million, or 68.1%, compared to the first quarter of 2020 primarily related to the Empire Acquisition and increased income from lottery commissions and temporary allowance for gaming machines in Virginia.

For the three months ended March 31, 2021, total operating expenses increased by $565.8 million, or 62.6%, compared to the first quarter of 2020. Fuel costs increased $513.0 million, or 102.6%, compared to the first quarter of 2020 due to fuel sold at a higher average cost and higher volumes. Merchandise costs increased $21.7 million, or 9.1%, compared to the first quarter of 2020, primarily due to the Empire Acquisition as well as a corresponding increase in same store merchandise sales. For the three months ended March 31, 2021, store operating expenses increased $16.1 million, or 12.5%, compared to the first quarter of 2020 due to incremental expenses coming from the Empire Acquisition and a slight increase in expenses at same stores.

For the three months ended March 31, 2021, general and administrative expenses increased $7.8 million, or 41.4%, compared to the first quarter of 2020, primarily due to those expenses associated with the acquired Empire business, annual wage increases and stock compensation expenses.

For the three months ended March 31, 2021, depreciation and amortization expenses increased $7.2 million, or 42.0%, compared to the first quarter of 2020 primarily due to assets acquired in the previous twelve month period, largely related to the Empire Acquisition.

For the three months ended March 31, 2021, other expenses, net decreased by $2.5 million compared to the first quarter of 2020 primarily due to a $0.9 million decrease in acquisition costs and a $2.0 million reduction in losses on disposal of assets and impairment charges in 2021.

Operating income was $13.2 million for the three months ended March 31, 2021, compared to an operating loss of $8.0 million for the first quarter of 2020. The increase was primarily due to strong fuel and merchandise results along with incremental income from the Empire Acquisition, partially offset by an increase in general and administrative, depreciation and amortization expenses.

For the three months ended March 31, 2021, interest and other financing expenses, net increased by $22.0 million compared to the first quarter of 2020 primarily related to higher interest expense from greater debt outstanding in 2021, $4.5 million additional interest for the early redemption of the Bonds (Series C), $12.1 million for interest expense related to fair value adjustments for the Public Warrants, Private Warrants and Deferred Shares and a net period-over-period decrease in foreign currency gains recorded of $1.8 million.

For the three months ended March 31, 2021, the income tax benefit was $0.7 million compared to $2.0 million in the three months ended March 31, 2020.

Net income (loss) attributable to non-controlling interests primarily represented minority interests prior to the Closing Date.

For the three months ended March 31, 2021, net loss attributable to the Company was $14.7 million compared to $10.5 million in the three months ended March 31, 2020.

 

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For the three months ended March 31, 2021, Adjusted EBITDA was $42.3 million compared to $16.9 million for the three months ended March 31, 2020. The Empire Acquisition contributed approximately $13 million of incremental Adjusted EBITDA for the first quarter of 2021. Increased merchandise contribution at same stores also positively impacted 2021. Additionally, although the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic reduced gallons sold in the first quarter of 2021 as compared to the first quarter of 2020, the significant increase in fuel margin compared to the same period in 2020 contributed to increased Adjusted EBITDA in the first quarter of 2021. These increases were partially offset by an increase in general and administrative expenses to support the Empire Acquisition.

Segment Results

Retail Segment

The table below shows the results of the Retail segment for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, together with certain key metrics for the segment.

 

		For the three months ended March 31,
		2021				2020
		(in thousands)
Revenues:
Fuel revenue		$	576,304			$	532,886
Merchandise revenue			359,281				323,679
Other revenues, net			16,977				11,700
Total revenues			952,562				868,265
Operating expenses:
Fuel costs			515,136				481,751
Merchandise costs			260,754				239,091
Store operating expenses			136,325				126,012
Total operating expenses			912,215				846,854
Operating income		$	40,347			$	21,411
Fuel gallons sold			226,112				234,815
Same store fuel gallons sold decrease (%)1			(13.8	%)			(7.4	%)
Fuel margin, cents per gallon2			32.1				26.3
Same store merchandise sales increase (%)1			6.0	%			0.2	%
Same store merchandise sales excluding cigarettes increase (decrease) (%)1			9.2	%			(0.5	%)
Merchandise contribution3			98,527				84,588
Merchandise margin4			27.4	%			26.1	%

 

1	Same store is a common metric used in the convenience store industry. We consider a store a same store beginning in the first quarter in which the store has a full quarter of activity in the prior year. Refer to “Use of Non-GAAP Measures” below for discussion of this measure.

2	Calculated as fuel revenue less fuel costs divided by fuel gallons sold; excludes the estimated fixed margin paid to GPMP for the cost of fuel.

3	Calculated as merchandise revenue less merchandise costs.

4	Calculated as merchandise contribution divided by merchandise revenue.

 

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Three Months Ended March 31, 2021 versus Three Months Ended March 31, 2020

Retail Revenues

For the three months ended March 31, 2021, fuel revenue increased by $43.4 million, or 8.1%, compared to the first quarter of 2020. The Empire Acquisition contributed an additional 27.2 million gallons sold, or approximately $71.5 million in fuel revenue. The increase in fuel revenue was also attributable to a $0.28 per gallon increase in the average retail price of fuel in the first quarter of 2021 as compared to the comparable period in 2020. However, gallons sold at same stores were down, primarily due to the COVID-19 pandemic, approximately 13.8%, or 31.7 million gallons, which was a decrease of 12.8% when the first quarter of 2020 (to eliminate the effect of the 2020 leap year) was adjusted to be based on 90 days. Additionally, retail stores closed over the last 12 months to optimize profitability negatively impacted gallons sold.

For the three months ended March 31, 2021, merchandise revenue increased by $35.6 million, or 11.0%, compared to the first quarter of 2020. The Empire Acquisition contributed an additional $23 million of merchandise revenue. Same store merchandise sales increased $19.0 million, or 6.0%, for the first quarter of 2021 compared to the first quarter of 2020, which was an increase of 7.2% when the first quarter of 2020 (which was a leap year) was adjusted to be based on 90 days. Same store merchandise sales increased primarily due to higher grocery, packaged beverages, other tobacco products, cigarettes and beer and wine revenue from benefits of planogram initiatives and fact-based data to react to changing consumer needs. In addition, 2021 benefited from an overall increase in the consumer market basket and consumer demand shifting from other retail channels to convenience stores. Offsetting these increases was a decrease in merchandise revenue from underperforming stores closed or converted to dealer-owned sites.

For the three months ended March 31, 2021, other revenues, net increased by $5.3 million, or 45.1%, compared to the first quarter of 2020 primarily related to the Empire Acquisition, higher lottery commissions and temporary allowances for gaming machines in Virginia.

Retail Operating Income

For the three months ended March 31, 2021, fuel margin increased compared to the same period in 2020 primarily related to incremental fuel profit from the Empire Acquisition of approximately $10.5 million which was slightly offset by a slight decrease in same store fuel profit of $0.1 million (excluding intercompany charges by GPMP). Fuel margin per gallon at same stores for 2021 was significantly higher at 31.2 cents per gallon, as compared to 26.9 cents per gallon for 2020, primarily due to less competitive pressure on fuel retail prices due to reductions in fuel volume, which allowed for margin expansion.

For the three months ended March 31, 2021, merchandise contribution increased $13.9 million, or 16.5%, compared to the same period in 2020 and merchandise margin increased to 27.4% as compared to 26.1% in the prior period. The increase was due to $6.8 million in incremental merchandise contribution from the Empire Acquisition and an increase in merchandise contribution at same stores of $8.2 million. Merchandise contribution at same stores increased in 2021 primarily due to a shift in product mix with a lower reliance on cigarettes and higher contribution from packaged beverages and other center-store items. The first quarter of 2020 was negatively impacted by a change in sales mix which began in March 2020 as consumers pantry loaded lower margin items due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Merchandise margin at same stores was 27.2% in the first quarter of 2021 compared to 26.2% in the first quarter of 2020.

For the three months ended March 31, 2021, store operating expenses increased $10.3 million, or 8.2%, compared to the three months ended March 31, 2020 due to incremental expenses related to the Empire Acquisition and a slight increase in expenses at same stores. Store operating expenses were also reduced from underperforming stores closed or converted to dealer-owned sites.

 

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Wholesale Segment

The table below shows the results of the Wholesale segment for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, together with certain key metrics for the segment.

 

		For the three months ended March 31,
		2021				2020
		(in thousands)
Revenues:
Fuel revenue		$	525,488			$	28,938
Other revenues, net			4,939				1,283
Total revenues			530,427				30,221
Operating expenses:
Fuel costs			518,929				28,017
Store operating expenses			9,190				1,926
Total operating expenses			528,119				29,943
Operating income		$	2,308			$	278
Fuel gallons sold—non-consignment agent locations			183,645				7,527
Fuel gallons sold—consignment agent locations			37,911				5,589
Fuel margin, cents per gallon1—non-consignment agent locations			5.1				6.0
Fuel margin, cents per gallon1—consignment agent locations			21.9				19.1

 

1	Calculated as fuel revenue less fuel costs divided by fuel gallons sold; excludes the estimated fixed margin paid to GPMP for the cost of fuel.

Three Months Ended March 31, 2021 versus Three Months Ended March 31, 2020

Wholesale Revenues

For the three months ended March 31, 2021, fuel revenue increased by $496.6 million compared to the first quarter of 2020, of which approximately $413.2 million of the increase was attributable to non-consignment agent locations. Wholesale gallons sold increased by 208.4 million due to an incremental 207.2 million gallons from the Empire Acquisition which resulted in approximately $488.4 million of incremental fuel revenues. Wholesale revenues also benefited from an increase in the average price of fuel in 2021 as compared to 2020.

Wholesale Operating Income

For the three months ended March 31, 2021, fuel contribution increased approximately $16.2 million (excluding intercompany charges by GPMP) with the Empire Acquisition accounting for approximately $16.0 million of the increase. Although fuel contribution at non-consignment agent locations increased by $8.9 million (excluding intercompany charges by GPMP), fuel margin decreased over the first quarter of 2020 primarily due to the mix of wholesale fuel supply contracts acquired in the Empire Acquisition which tend to be priced with lower margins as compared to our existing wholesale fuel supply contracts. Fuel contribution at consignment agent locations increased $7.3 million (excluding intercompany charges by GPMP) and fuel margin increased over 2020 primarily due to less competitive pressure on fuel retail prices due to reductions in fuel volume which allowed for margin expansion.

For the three months ended March 31, 2021, store operating expenses increased $7.3 million compared to the three months ended March 31, 2020 primarily due to the Empire Acquisition.

 

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GPMP Segment

The table below shows the results of the GPMP segment for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, together with certain key metrics for the segment.

 

		For the three months ended March 31,
		2021				2020
		(in thousands)
Revenues:
Fuel revenue—inter-segment		$	819,467			$	379,125
Fuel revenue—external customers			1,155				1,217
Other revenues, net			255				215
Total revenues			820,877				380,557
Operating expenses:
Fuel costs			798,200				369,160
General and administrative expenses			711				768
Depreciation and amortization			1,843				1,843
Total operating expenses			800,754				371,771
Operating income		$	20,123			$	8,786
Fuel gallons sold—inter-segment			448,027				248,238
Fuel gallons sold—external customers			647				768
Fuel margin, cents per gallon1			5.0				4.5

 

1	Calculated as fuel revenue less fuel costs divided by fuel gallons sold.

Three Months Ended March 31, 2021 versus Three Months Ended March 31, 2020

GPMP Revenues

For the three months ended March 31, 2021, fuel revenue increased by $440.3 million compared to the first quarter of 2020. The increase in fuel revenue was attributable to an increase in gallons sold and an increase in average price compared to the first quarter of 2020.

For the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, other revenues, net were $0.3 million and $0.2 million, respectively, and primarily related to rental income from certain sites leased to independent dealers.

GPMP Operating Income

Fuel margin increased by $11.2 million for the first quarter of 2021, as compared to the first quarter of 2020, primarily due to additional gallons sold to the retail and wholesale segments at a fixed margin, which increased from 4.5 cents per gallon to 5.0 cents per gallon in the fourth quarter of 2020.

For the three months ended March 31, 2021, total general, administrative, depreciation and amortization expenses were consistent with those in the comparable prior period.

Results of Operations for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018

The period-to-period comparisons of our results of operations contained in this Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operation have been prepared using our audited consolidated annual financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this prospectus. The following discussion should be read in conjunction with such audited annual consolidated financial statements and related notes.

 

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Consolidated Results

The Business Combination was accounted for as a reverse recapitalization. Under this method of accounting, Haymaker was treated as the “acquired” company and Arko Holdings was considered the accounting acquirer for accounting purposes. Because Arko Holdings was deemed the accounting acquirer, upon the consummation of the Business Combination, the historical financial statements of Arko Holdings became the historical financial statements of the combined company. As a result, the financial statements included below reflect the historical operating results of Arko Holdings prior to the Closing Date and our combined results, including those of Haymaker, following the Closing Date.

The table below shows our consolidated results for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018, together with certain key metrics.

 

		For the year ended December 31,
		2020				2019				2018
		(in thousands)
Revenues:
Fuel revenue		$	2,352,884			$	2,703,440			$	2,734,538
Merchandise revenue			1,494,342				1,375,438				1,281,611
Other revenues, net			63,489				49,812				48,734
Total revenues			3,910,715				4,128,690				4,064,883
Operating expenses:
Fuel costs			2,031,899				2,482,472				2,517,302
Merchandise costs			1,088,032				1,002,922				935,936
Store operating expenses			532,422				506,524				470,444
General and administrative			94,424				69,311				62,017
Depreciation and amortization			74,396				62,404				53,814
Total operating expenses			3,821,173				4,123,633				4,039,513
Other expenses (income), net			9,228				3,733				(10,543	)
Operating income			80,314				1,324				35,913
Interest and other financial expenses, net			(50,428	)			(41,812	)			(19,931	)
Income (loss) before income taxes			29,886				(40,488	)			15,982
Income tax benefit (expense)			1,499				(6,167	)			7,933
Loss from equity investment			(1,269	)			(507	)			(451	)
Net income (loss)		$	30,116			$	(47,162	)		$	23,464
Less: Net income (loss) attributable to non-controlling interests			16,929				(3,623	)			12,498
Net income (loss) attributable to ARKO Corp.		$	13,187			$	(43,539	)		$	10,966
Less: Accretion and dividends of redeemable preferred stock			(3,277	)			—				—
Net income (loss) attributable to common shareholders		$	9,910			$	(43,539	)		$	10,966
Fuel gallons sold			1,207,296				1,108,155				1,053,419
Fuel margin, cents per gallon1			26.6				19.9				20.6
Merchandise contribution2			406,310				372,516				345,675
Merchandise margin3			27.2	%			27.1	%			27.0	%
Adjusted EBITDA, net of incremental bonuses4		$	183,392			$	78,159			$	81,842

 

1	Calculated as fuel revenue less fuel costs divided by fuel gallons sold.

 

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2	Calculated as merchandise revenue less merchandise costs.

3	Calculated as merchandise margin divided by merchandise revenue.

4	Refer to “Use of Non-GAAP Measures” below for discussion of this measure and related reconciliation.

For the year ended December 31, 2020 compared to the year ended December 31, 2019

For the year ended December 31, 2020, fuel revenue decreased by $350.6 million, or 13.0%, compared to 2019. The decrease in fuel revenue was attributable to the decrease in the average retail price of fuel in 2020 as compared to 2019, as well as a reduction in the number of gallons sold, primarily as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, which was offset by incremental gallons sold related to the Empire Acquisition and the 2019 acquisitions.

For the year ended December 31, 2020, merchandise revenue increased by $118.9 million, or 8.6%, compared to 2019, primarily due to the Empire Acquisition and the 2019 acquisitions, as well as due to an increase in same stores merchandise sales.

For the year ended December 31, 2020, other revenues, net increased by $13.7 million, or 27.5%, compared to 2019, primarily related to the Empire Acquisition and the 2019 acquisitions and increased income from lottery commissions and temporary allowance for gaming machines in Virginia.

For the year ended December 31, 2020, total operating expenses decreased by $302.5 million, or 7.3%, as compared to 2019. Fuel costs decreased $450.6 million, or 18.2%, as compared to 2019 due to fuel sold at a lower average cost. Merchandise costs increased $85.1 million, or 8.5%, as compared to 2019, primarily due to the Empire Acquisition and the 2019 acquisitions, as well as a corresponding increase in same stores merchandise sales. Store operating expenses increased $25.9 million, or 5.1%, as compared to 2019 primarily due to incremental expenses related to the Empire Acquisition and the 2019 acquisitions, which were partially offset by a decrease in expenses at same stores.

For 2020, general and administrative expenses increased $25.1 million, or 36.2%, as compared to 2019, primarily due to annual wage increases, expenses to support our recent acquisitions and certain costs related to the Business Combination that could not be capitalized. General and administrative expenses for 2020 also included $7.8 million in incremental bonuses earned in 2020 due to our performance.

Depreciation and amortization expenses for 2020 increased $12.0 million, or 19.2%, as compared to 2019 primarily due to assets acquired during 2020 and 2019 related largely to the Empire Acquisition and the 2019 acquisitions.

For the year ended December 31, 2020, other expenses, net increased by $5.5 million, as compared to 2019 primarily due to a gain on sale-leaseback and bargain gain of $6.5 million recognized in 2019 and an additional $1.2 million in losses on disposal of assets and impairment charges in 2020, partially offset by a decrease in acquisition costs of $0.4 million and an adjustment to contingent consideration of $1.3 million.

Operating income was $80.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2020, as compared to $1.3 million for 2019. The increase in 2020 was primarily due to strong fuel and merchandise results, which also benefited from the Empire Acquisition and the 2019 acquisitions, partially offset by increased general, administrative, depreciation and amortization expenses in 2020, as described above.

For the year ended December 31, 2020, interest and other financing expenses, net increased by $8.6 million compared to 2019 primarily related to higher interest expense from greater debt outstanding in 2020 and $0.5 million in deferred financing costs written off, which was partially offset by a net period-over-period decrease in foreign currency losses recorded of $3.4 million primarily as all NIS denominated loans were paid off in February 2020.

 

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For the year ended December 31, 2020, income tax was a benefit of $1.5 million compared to expense of $6.2 million in 2019. In 2019, a valuation allowance was recorded on the deferred tax assets of the US subsidiaries based on cumulative three-year loss. In 2020, this valuation allowance was released due to forecasted taxable income and actual 2020 results.

Net income (loss) attributable to non-controlling interests represented minority interests prior to the Closing Date.

For the year ended December 31, 2020, Adjusted EBITDA, net of incremental bonuses was $183.4 million, as compared to $78.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2019. The 2020 and 2019 acquisitions contributed approximately $16 million of incremental Adjusted EBITDA in 2020. Although the impact of COVID-19 reduced gallons sold in 2020, the significant increase in fuel margin compared to the same period in 2019 contributed to increased Adjusted EBITDA in 2020. Increased merchandise contribution at same stores combined with a reduction in expenses also positively impacted 2020. These increases were partially offset by an increase in general and administrative expenses to support the recent acquisitions and increased incentive accruals for bonuses due to our performance in 2020 and certain costs related to the Business Combination that could not be capitalized.

For the year ended December 31, 2020, our redeemable preferred stock was accreted to its full redemption value, which reduced net income attributable to common shareholders by $3.1 million.

For the year ended December 31, 2019 compared to the year ended December 31, 2018

For the year ended December 31, 2019, fuel revenue decreased by $31.1 million, or 1.1%, as compared to 2018. The decrease in fuel revenue was attributable to the decrease in the average retail price of fuel in 2019 as compared to 2018, which was partially offset by a greater number of gallons sold primarily due to the 2019 and 2018 acquisitions.

For the year ended December 31, 2019, merchandise revenue increased by $93.8 million, or 7.3%, as compared to 2018, primarily due to the 2019 and 2018 acquisitions and an increase in same stores merchandise sales.

For the year ended December 31, 2019, other revenue increased by $1.1 million, as compared to 2018, primarily related to the 2019 and 2018 acquisitions.

For the year ended December 31, 2019, total operating expenses increased by $84.1 million, or 2.1%, as compared to 2018. Fuel costs decreased $34.8 million, or 1.4%, compared to 2018, primarily due to fuel sold at a lower average cost, which was partially offset by higher volumes. Merchandise costs increased $67.0 million, or 7.2%, as compared to 2018. Store operating expenses increased $36.1 million, or 7.7%, as compared to 2018, primarily due to incremental expenses from the 2019 and 2018 acquisitions.

General and administrative expenses in 2019 increased $7.3 million, or 11.8%, as compared to 2018, primarily due to incremental headcount and related employee benefits required to support organizational growth arising from the E-Z Mart Acquisition, other personnel investments and annual wage increases.

For 2019, depreciation and amortization expenses increased $8.6 million, or 16.0%, over 2018, primarily due to assets acquired during 2018 and 2019.

For the year ended December 31, 2019, other expenses (income), net increased by $14.3 million over 2018 primarily due to a $24.0 million gain on bargain purchase recognized in 2018 as a result of the E-Z Mart Acquisition and an increase in losses on disposal of assets and impairment charges of $3.2 million, offset by a decrease in acquisition costs of $1.8 million and a gain on sale-leaseback of $6.0 million recognized in 2019.

 

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Operating income was $1.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2019, as compared to $35.9 million in 2018, primarily due to increased general, administrative, depreciation and amortization expenses and the reduction in other income associated with the $24.0 million gain on bargain purchase in 2018.

For the year ended December 31, 2019, interest and other financing expenses, net increased by $21.9 million, as compared to 2018. The increase was primarily related to $10.2 million in foreign currency losses recorded in 2019 compared to $9.2 million in foreign currency gains recorded in 2018 and greater debt outstanding in 2019.

For the year ended December 31, 2019, income tax expense was approximately $6.2 million compared to an income tax benefit of approximately $7.9 million in 2018.

For the year ended December 31, 2019, Adjusted EBITDA was $78.2 million, as compared to $81.8 million for 2018. The 2019 and 2018 acquisitions contributed approximately $7 million of incremental Adjusted EBITDA in 2019, not including incremental general and administrative expenses associated with these acquisitions. These increases were offset by an approximately $9.0 million decrease in fuel margin at same stores in 2019 primarily due to market variables in the fourth quarter of 2019. Investments in personnel to support marketing and merchandising initiatives and organizational growth arising from acquisitions also reduced Adjusted EDITDA in 2019.

Segment Results

Retail Segment

The table below shows the results of the Retail segment for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018, together with certain key metrics for the segment.

 

		For the year ended December 31,
		2020				2019				2018
		(in thousands)
Revenues:
Fuel revenue		$	1,940,303			$	2,537,455			$	2,558,018
Merchandise revenue			1,494,342				1,375,438				1,281,611
Other revenues, net			53,424				43,882				42,044
Total revenues			3,488,069				3,956,775				3,881,673
Operating expenses:
Fuel costs			1,684,611				2,369,137				2,390,367
Merchandise costs			1,088,032				1,002,922				935,936
Store operating expenses			515,426				494,262				464,329
Total operating expenses			3,288,069				3,866,321				3,790,632
Operating income		$	200,000			$	90,454			$	91,041
Fuel gallons sold			937,095				1,039,993				984,686
Same stores fuel gallons sold decrease (%)2			(16.5	%)			(1.8	%)			(2.3	%)
Fuel margin, cents per gallon1			31.9				20.7				21.5
Same stores merchandise sales increase (%)2			3.5	%			1.0	%			1.3	%
Merchandise contribution3		$	406,310			$	372,516			$	345,675
Merchandise margin4			27.2	%			27.1	%			27.0	%

 

1	Calculated as fuel revenue less fuel costs divided by fuel gallons sold; excludes the estimated fixed margin paid to GPMP for the cost of fuel.

 

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2	Same stores merchandise sales is a common metric used in the convenience store industry. We consider a store a same store beginning in the first quarter in which the store has a full quarter of activity in the prior year. Refer to “Use of Non-GAAP Measures” below for discussion of this measure.

3	Calculated as merchandise revenue less merchandise costs.

4	Calculated as merchandise margin divided by merchandise revenue.

For the year ended December 31, 2020 compared to the year ended December 31, 2019

Retail Revenues

For the year ended December 31, 2020, fuel revenue decreased by $597.2 million, or 23.5%, as compared to 2019. The Empire Acquisition and the 2019 acquisitions contributed an aggregate of 78.3 million additional gallons sold. However, gallons sold at same stores decreased by approximately 16.5%, or 167.7 million, primarily due to the COVID-19 pandemic and managing both volume and margin to optimize fuel margin. Additionally, retail stores closed during the year negatively impacted gallons sold. The decrease in fuel revenue was also attributable to a $0.37 per gallon decrease in the average retail price of fuel in 2020 as compared to 2019.

For the year ended December 31, 2020, merchandise revenue increased by $118.9 million, or 8.6%, as compared to 2019. The Empire Acquisition and the 2019 acquisitions contributed an additional $92.4 million in merchandise revenue. Same stores merchandise sales increased $47.1 million, or 3.5%, for 2020 as compared to 2019, with an increase of 4.5% in the period from April through December 2020, as compared to the same period in 2019. Same stores merchandise sales increased primarily due to higher grocery, packaged beverages, other tobacco products, cigarettes and beer and wine revenue from benefits of planogram initiatives and fact-based data to react to changing consumer needs along with the introduction of high demand essential products such as face masks and hand sanitizer. In addition, there was an overall increase in the consumer market basket as stay at home orders related to COVID-19 began to be eased in May 2020 and consumer demand shifted from other retail channels to convenience stores. Offsetting these increases was a decrease in merchandise revenue from underperforming stores closed or converted to dealer-owned sites.

For the year ended December 31, 2020, other revenues, net increased by $9.5 million, or 21.7%, from 2019 primarily related to the Empire Acquisition and the 2019 acquisitions and higher lottery commissions and temporary allowances for gaming machines in Virginia.

Retail Operating Income

For the year ended December 31, 2020, fuel margin increased over 2019 due to an increase in same stores fuel profit of $59.9 million (excluding intercompany charges by GPMP) combined with incremental fuel profit from the Empire Acquisition and the 2019 acquisitions. Fuel margin per gallon at same stores for 2020 was significantly higher at 31.8 cents per gallon, as compared to 20.7 cents per gallon for 2019, partly due to the impact of lower fuel costs, which dropped significantly at the beginning of March 2020 and continued through the end of April 2020, and remained lower throughout the year, as compared to 2019, together with less competitive pressure on fuel retail prices due to reductions in fuel volume, which allowed for margin expansion.

For the year ended December 31, 2020, merchandise contribution increased $33.8 million, or 9.1%, as compared to 2019, and merchandise margin was 27.2% in 2020, as compared to 27.1% in 2019. The increase was due to incremental merchandise contribution from the Empire Acquisition and the 2019 acquisitions and an increase in merchandise contribution at same stores of $14.2 million. Merchandise contribution at same stores increased over the course of the second, third and fourth quarters of 2020 due to merchandising and marketing initiatives implemented. These increases were partially offset by lower merchandise revenues and a change in sales mix in March 2020 through mid-May 2020 as consumers pantry loaded lower margin items due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Merchandise margin at same stores was 27.1% in 2020 compared to 27.0% in 2019.

For the year ended December 31, 2020, store operating expenses increased $21.2 million, or 4.3%, as compared to 2019 due to incremental expenses related to the Empire Acquisition and the 2019 acquisitions,

 

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which were partially offset by a decrease in expenses at same stores, particularly from lower credit card expenses and maintenance costs. Store operating expenses were also reduced from underperforming stores closed or converted to dealer-owned sites.

For the year ended December 31, 2019 compared to the year ended December 31, 2018

Retail Revenues

For the year ended December 31, 2019, fuel revenue in the retail segment decreased by $20.6 million, or 0.8%, as compared to 2018. The 2019 and 2018 acquisitions contributed an additional 85.5 million gallons sold. However, gallons sold at same stores were down approximately 1.8%, or 17.0 million gallons, primarily due to market conditions (particularly in the fourth quarter of 2019) and managing both volume and margin to optimize fuel margin. Additionally, retail stores closed to optimize profitability negatively impacted gallons sold. The decrease in fuel revenue was also attributable to a $0.16 per gallon decrease in the average retail price of fuel in 2019 as compared to 2018.

For the year ended December 31, 2019, merchandise revenue increased by $93.8 million, or 7.3%, as compared to 2018. The 2019 and 2018 acquisitions contributed an additional $106 million. Same stores merchandise sales increased $12.1 million, or 1.0%, primarily due to higher other tobacco products revenue given an increase in demand, as well as higher packaged beverages, beer and wine revenue following benefits from the loyalty program, planogram initiatives and the strategy to lower cigarette prices to enhance customer traffic. Offsetting these increases was a decrease in merchandise revenue from underperforming stores closed or converted to dealer-owned sites.

For the year ended December 31, 2019, other revenue increased by $1.8 million over 2018 primarily related to the 2019 and 2018 acquisitions.

Retail Operating Income

For the year ended December 31, 2019, fuel margin increased as compared to 2018 primarily related to incremental fuel margin of $14.8 million from the 2019 and 2018 acquisitions (excluding intercompany charges by GPMP). In comparison to 2018, same stores fuel gross profit decreased $9.0 million (excluding intercompany charges by GPMP). Fuel margin per gallon at same stores was lower than 2018 at 21.2 cents per gallon, as compared to 21.8 cents per gallon, primarily due to market variables in the fourth quarter of 2019.

For the year ended December 31, 2019, merchandise contribution increased $26.8 million, or 7.8%, as compared to 2018, and overall merchandise margin was 27.1% as compared to 27.0% in 2018. The increase was primarily due to incremental contribution of $29 million from the 2019 and 2018 acquisitions. Merchandise margin at same stores was 26.7% in 2019 compared to 26.8% in 2018.

For the year ended December 31, 2019, store operating expenses increased $29.9 million, or 6.4%, as compared to 2018 primarily due to incremental expenses coming from the 2019 and 2018 acquisitions. Store operating expenses were also reduced from underperforming stores closed or converted to dealer-owned sites.

 

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Wholesale Segment

The table below shows the results of the Wholesale segment for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018, together with certain key metrics for the segment.

 

		For the year ended December 31,
		2020				2019				2018
		(in thousands)
Revenues:
Fuel revenue		$	408,658			$	159,597			$	169,518
Other revenues, net			9,335				5,264				5,013
Total revenues			417,993				164,861				174,531
Operating expenses:
Fuel costs			399,854				156,663				167,184
Store operating expenses			14,616				8,146				7,774
Total operating expenses			414,470				164,809				174,958
Operating income (loss)		$	3,523			$	52			$	(427	)
Fuel gallons sold			267,309				64,757				65,246
Fuel margin, cents per gallon1			8.2				9.0				8.1

 

1	Calculated as fuel revenue less fuel costs divided by fuel gallons sold; excludes the estimated fixed margin paid to GPMP for the cost of fuel.

For the year ended December 31, 2020 compared to the year ended December 31, 2019

Wholesale Revenues

For the year ended December 31, 2020, fuel revenue increased by $249.1 million, or 156.1%, compared to 2019. Wholesale gallons sold increased by 202.6 million due to an incremental 210.6 million gallons from the Empire Acquisition. This increase was offset by a reduction in gallons sold due to the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic and a decrease in the average retail price of fuel in 2020 as compared to 2019. For the year ended December 31, 2020, approximately $103.2 million of fuel revenue was attributable to consignment agent locations.

Wholesale Operating Income

For the year ended December 31, 2020, although fuel contribution increased by $16.1 million (excluding intercompany charges by GPMP), fuel margin decreased over 2019 primarily due to the mix of wholesale fuel supply contracts acquired in the Empire Acquisition, which was partially offset by the impact of fuel costs which dropped significantly at the beginning of March 2020 and continued through the end of April 2020 and less competitive pressure on fuel retail prices due to reductions in fuel volume which allowed for margin expansion.

For the year ended December 31, 2020, store operating expenses increased $6.5 million, or 79.4%, compared to 2019 primarily due to the Empire Acquisition.

For the year ended December 31, 2019 compared to the year ended December 31, 2018

Wholesale Revenues

For the year ended December 31, 2019, fuel revenue decreased by $9.9 million, or 5.9%, compared to 2018, as a result of a decrease in gallons sold of 0.5 million in 2019 compared to 2018 combined with a decrease in the average retail price of fuel in 2019. For the year ended December 31, 2019, approximately $71.5 million of fuel revenue was attributable to consignment agent locations.

 

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Wholesale Operating Income

For the year ended December 31, 2019, fuel margin increased compared to 2018 related to an increase in margin rate which was slightly offset by fewer gallons sold.

For the year ended December 31, 2019, store operating expenses increased $0.4 million, or 4.8%, compared to 2018.

GPMP Segment

The table below shows the results of the GPMP segment for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018, together with certain key metrics for the segment.

 

		For the year ended December 31,
		2020				2019				2018
		(in thousands)
Revenues:
Fuel revenue—inter-segment		$	1,706,233			$	2,042,714			$	2,098,906
Fuel revenue—external customers			3,923				6,388				7,002
Other revenues, net			897				784				724
Total revenues			1,711,053				2,049,886				2,106,632
Operating expenses:
Fuel costs			1,653,667				1,999,386				2,058,657
General and administrative			2,977				2,568				2,746
Depreciation and amortization			7,373				4,373				3,746
Total operating expenses			1,664,017				2,006,327				2,065,149
Other expenses, net			—				59				1,477
Operating income		$	47,036			$	43,500			$	40,006
Fuel gallons sold—inter-segment			1,200,658				1,102,863				1,048,997
Fuel gallons sold—external customers			2,892				3,405				3,487
Fuel margin, cents per gallon1			4.7				4.5				4.5

 

1	Calculated as fuel revenue less fuel costs divided by fuel gallons sold.

For the year ended December 31, 2020 compared to the year ended December 31, 2019

GPMP Revenues

For the year ended December 31, 2020, fuel revenue decreased by $338.9 million, or 16.5%, as compared to 2019. The decrease in fuel revenue was attributable to a decrease in the average retail price of fuel in 2020, as compared to 2019 which was partially offset by a slight increase in gallons sold.

For the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, other revenues, net were $0.9 million and $0.8 million, respectively and primarily related to rental income from certain sites leased to independent dealers.

GPMP Operating Income

Fuel margin increased by $6.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2020, as compared to 2019, primarily due to additional gallons sold to the retail and wholesale segments at a fixed margin, which increased from 4.5 cents per gallon to 5.0 cents per gallon in the fourth quarter of 2020.

 

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For the year ended December 31, 2020, total general, administrative, depreciation and amortization expenses increased by $3.4 million, as compared to 2019, primarily due to amortization expenses for intangible assets from the Empire Acquisition.

For the year ended December 31, 2019 compared to the year ended December 31, 2018

GPMP Revenues

For the year ended December 31, 2019, fuel revenue decreased by $56.8 million, or 2.7%, as compared to 2018. The decrease in fuel revenue was attributable to a decrease in the average retail price of fuel in 2019, as compared to 2018, which was partially offset by an increase in gallons sold.

For the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, other revenue was $0.8 million and $0.7 million, respectively, and primarily related to rental income from certain sites leased to independent dealers.

GPMP Operating Income

Fuel margin increased by $2.5 million in 2019, as compared to 2018, due to greater gallons sold to GPM at a fixed margin of 4.5 cents per gallon.

For the year ended December 31, 2019, total general, administrative, depreciation and amortization expenses increased $0.4 million compared to 2018.

Use of Non-GAAP Measures

We disclose non-GAAP measures on a “same store basis,” which exclude the results of any store that is not a “same store” for the applicable period. A store is considered a same store beginning in the first quarter in which the store has a full quarter of activity in the prior year. We believe that this information provides greater comparability regarding our ongoing operating performance. These measures should not be considered an alternative to measurements presented in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) and are non-GAAP financial measures.

We define EBITDA as net income (loss) before net interest expense, income taxes, depreciation and amortization. Adjusted EBITDA further adjusts EBITDA by excluding the gain or loss on disposal of assets, impairment charges, acquisition costs, other non-cash items, and other unusual or non-recurring charges. Adjusted EBITDA, net of incremental bonuses further adjusts Adjusted EBITDA by excluding incremental bonuses based on 2020 performance. None of EBITDA, Adjusted EBITDA or Adjusted EBITDA, net of incremental bonuses are presented in accordance with GAAP and are non-GAAP financial measures.

We use EBITDA, Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA, net of incremental bonuses for operational and financial decision-making and believe these measures are useful in evaluating our performance because they eliminate certain items that we do not consider indicators of our operating performance. EBITDA, Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA, net of incremental bonuses are also used by many of our investors, securities analysts, and other interested parties in evaluating our operational and financial performance across reporting periods. We believe that the presentation of EBITDA, Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA, net of incremental bonuses provides useful information to investors by allowing an understanding of key measures that we use internally for operational decision-making, budgeting, evaluating acquisition targets, and assessing our operating performance.

EBITDA, Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA, net of incremental bonuses are not recognized terms under GAAP and should not be considered as a substitute for net income (loss), cash flows from operating activities, or other income or cash flow statement data. These measures have limitations as analytical tools, and

 

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should not be considered in isolation or as substitutes for analysis of our results as reported under GAAP. We strongly encourage investors to review our financial statements and publicly filed reports in their entirety and not to rely on any single financial measure.

Because non-GAAP financial measures are not standardized, same stores measures, EBITDA, Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA, net of incremental bonuses, as defined by us, may not be comparable to similarly titled measures reported by other companies. It therefore may not be possible to compare our use of these non-GAAP financial measures with those used by other companies.

The following table contains a reconciliation of net loss to EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020.

 

		For the three months ended March 31,
		2021				2020
		(in thousands)
Net loss		$	(14,662	)		$	(12,857	)
Interest and other financing expenses, net			28,617				6,651
Income tax benefit			(722	)			(2,011	)
Depreciation and amortization			24,242				17,071
EBITDA			37,475				8,854
Non-cash rent expense(a)			1,771				1,801
Acquisition costs (b)			611				1,500
Loss on disposal of assets and impairment charges(c)			1,375				3,382
Share-based compensation expense(d)			1,026				127
Loss from equity investment(e)			6				233
Fuel taxes paid in arrears(f)			—				1,050
Other(g)			39				(13	)
Adjusted EBITDA		$	42,303			$	16,934

 

(a)

Eliminates the non-cash portion of rent, which reflects the extent to which our GAAP rent expense recognized exceeds (or is less than) our cash rent payments. The GAAP rent expense adjustment can vary depending on the terms of our lease portfolio, which has been impacted by our recent acquisitions. For newer leases, our rent expense recognized typically exceeds our cash rent payments, while for more mature leases, rent expense recognized is typically less than our cash rent payments.

(b)	Eliminates costs incurred that are directly attributable to historical business acquisitions and salaries of employees whose primary job function is to execute our acquisition strategy and facilitate integration of acquired operations.

(c)	Eliminates the non-cash loss (gain) from the sale of property and equipment, the gain recognized upon the sale of related leased assets and impairment charges on property and equipment and right-of-use assets related to closed and non-performing stores.

(d)	Eliminates non-cash share-based compensation expense related to the equity incentive program in place to incentivize, retain, and motivate our employees, certain non-employees and members of our Board.

(e)	Eliminates our share of loss attributable to our unconsolidated equity investment.

(f)	Eliminates the payment of historical fuel tax liabilities owed for multiple prior periods.

(g)	Eliminates other unusual or non-recurring items that we do not consider to be meaningful in assessing operating performance.

 

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